Term
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Definition
| Applied to nonliving objects/surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| Applied to living tissue/skin |
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Term
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Definition
| Administered inside or outside body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Slows/stops growth of bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits transpeptidation step in peptidoglycan synthesis; binds penecillin-binding proteins; stimulates autolysins |
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Term
| Glycopeptides - mechanism |
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Definition
| Inhibits transglycosylation and transpeptidation steps in peptidoglycan sysnthesis by binding D-Ala-D-ala |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides - mechanism |
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Definition
| Binds 16s rRNA in 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome - stops 50S subunit from joining to activate the ribosome |
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Term
| Tetracyclines - mechanism |
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Definition
| Binds 16s rRNA in 30S subunit of bacterial ribosome; disrupts bacterial membrane - distorts A site so tRNA cannot match mRNA codon |
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Term
| Macrolides/lincosamides - mechanism |
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Definition
| Bind 23S rRNA in 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome - blocks the nascent peptides exit tunnel |
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Term
| Streptogramins - mechanism |
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Definition
| Binds 23S rRNA in 50S subunit of bacterial ribosome |
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Term
| Fluoroquinolones - mechanism |
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Definition
| Bind DNA gyrase to inhibit DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds beta subunit of RNA polymerase to block the exit tunnel for nascent RNA, thereby inhibiting transcription |
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Term
| Trimethoprim/sulfonamides - mechanism |
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Definition
| Inhibits enzymes responsible for THF production |
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Term
| Metronidazole - mechanism |
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Definition
| Nicks bacterial DNA and interferes with DNA replication when activated by bacterial flavodoxin protein |
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Term
| Oxazolidinones - mechanism |
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Definition
| Binds 50S ribosomal subunit in the peptidyltransferase site, blocking the first peptide bond from forming in translation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits bacterial isoleucine aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase, thereby blocking translation |
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Term
| Beta-lactams - common drug names |
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Definition
| Penicillin, ampicillin, Cefobid, Augmentin |
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Term
| Glycopeptides - common drug names |
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Definition
| Vancomycin, teichoplanin, daptomycin |
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Term
| Aminoglycosides - common drug names |
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Definition
| Kanamycin, gentamycin, streptomycin |
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Term
| Tetracyclines - common drug names |
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Definition
| Tetracycline, doxycycline |
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Term
| Macrolides/lincosamides - common drug names |
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Definition
| Erythromycin (macrolide), lincomycin, clindamycin (lincosamides) |
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Term
| Streptogramins - common drug names |
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Definition
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Term
| Fluoroquinolones - common drug names |
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Definition
| Ciproflaxcin, norfloxacin |
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Term
| Tripmethoprim/sulfonamides - common drug names |
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Definition
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Term
| Metronidazole - common drug names |
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Definition
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Term
| Oxazolidinones - common drug names |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four main categories for bacterial resistance mechanisms? |
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Definition
| 1) Restricted access of antibiotic to its target 2) Enzymatic inactivation of the antibiotic 3) Modification/protection of the antibiotic target 4) Failure to activate antibiotic |
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Term
| Beta-lactams - resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| Gram-negative outer membrane, porin mutations, beta lactamase, modify penicillin-binding protein |
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Term
| Glycopeptides - resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| Gram-negative outer membrane, substitute D-ala-D-lactate for D-ala-D-ala |
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Term
| aminoglycosides - resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| Aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes that inactivate by adding chemical groups to the antibiotic |
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Term
| Tetracyclines - resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| Ribosome protection, Tet efflux pump system |
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Term
| Macrolides/lincosamides - resistance mechanism |
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Definition
| Methylation of 23S rRNA on A2058 by RNA methylases (Erm), efflux pumps |
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Term
| Streptogramins - resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| Methylation of 23S rRNA on A2058 by RNA methylases (Erm), inactivation of antibiotic via acetyltransferases, which weakens antibiotic binding to the 23S rRNA |
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Term
| Fluoroquinolones - resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| Efflux, reduced uptake, mutation in DNA gyrase (target) |
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Term
| Rifampin - resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| Mutation in RNA polymerase (target) |
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Term
| Trimethoprim/sulfonamides - resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| Mutations in folate pathway biosynthetic enzymes so they no longer bind antibiotic |
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Term
| Metronidazole - resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| Decreased production of flavodoxin gene |
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Term
| Oxazolidinones - resistance mechanisms |
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Definition
| Mutation in 23S rRNA genes |
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Term
| Explain regulation of antibiotic resistance using the Tet pump. |
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Definition
| With no tetracycline, TetR (repressor) binds operator to block transcription of tetB efflux pump. With tetracycline, tetR binds tetracycline drug causing release from the tetB operator, allowing tetB efflux pump to be expressed. |
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Term
| Explain regulation of antibiotic resistance using the beta-lactamase BlaZ. |
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Definition
| With no beta-lactam, BlaI inhibits transcription of blaZ (beta lactamase). With beta lactam, the antibiotic binds BlaR1, which releases BlaR2. BlaR2 can then cleave BlaI, and the blaZ beta lactamase is transcribed. |
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Term
| Explain regulation of antibiotic resistance using the erm RNA methylase. |
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Definition
| With no macrolide, ribosomes translate leader peptide and mRNA forms 2 stem loops so erm AUG is inaccessible. With macrolide, the ribosome stalls, leader peptide is not translated, and the RNA forms only one stem-loop. The erm gene start site is exposed allowing erm RNA methylase to be translated. |
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Term
| Explain regulation of antibiotic resistance using the VanS histidine kinase. |
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Definition
| Vancomycin-caused cell wall damage is sensed by VanS when fragments bind VanS. VanS then phosphorylates VanR to activate it; VanR binds and activates promoters of vanRS and vanHAX operons. |
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Term
| Explain regulation of antibiotic resistance using the ampC beta-lactamase. |
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Definition
| Peptidoglycan fragments are transported into the cytoplasm by AmpG and AmpD removes a sugar group from the fragment. This fragment can then bind AmpR, which activated binds and activates transcription of ampC. AmpC is then exported to periplasm to degrade beta lactams. |
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