Term
|
Definition
| red marrow - hamotologically active, yellow - inactive |
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Term
| features of aplastic anaemia |
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Definition
| hypocellular bone marrow, features of anaemia (pallor, dyspnea, fatigue), thrombocytopenia (bruising) and granulocytopenia (fevers and recurrent infections) |
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|
Term
| causes of aplastic anaemia |
|
Definition
| idiopathic, chemicals, drugs - chemotherpeutic, and idiosyncratic. irratiation, viral hepatitis, fanconis anaemia |
|
|
Term
| hyperplasia of bone marrow |
|
Definition
| hypercellularity of bone marrow. usually compensation to anaemia. may be pre-malignant |
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|
Term
| space occupying lesions of bone |
|
Definition
| primary or secondary malignancy or leukaemia, or fibrosis. causes supression of haematopoeisis |
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Term
|
Definition
| loss of bone matrix with increased risk of fracture - T score <2.5 |
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Term
|
Definition
| senile, post-menopausal, dietry, inactivity, hypogonadism, renal disease, neoplastic (hypercalcaemia), GIT malabsorption, drugs - steroids, chemo, alcohol, anticonvulsants, heparin |
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Term
|
Definition
| failure of bone mineralisation. produces characteristic radiologyical changes - loss of bone density, wideneing of the epiphyseal line or collapse of the epiphyseal plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vitamin D defeciency or malabsorption, renal disease, genetic defects |
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Term
|
Definition
| primary or secondary to hypocalcaemia leading to characteristic anatomical change osteitis fibrosa dystic |
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Term
|
Definition
| skeletal changes due to chronic renal disease - increased osteoclastic resorption, osteosclerosis, growth retardation, osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| pathogenisis of renal osteodystrophy |
|
Definition
| phospate retention and hypocalcaemia due to impaired vitamin D prodection leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism stimulating osteoclastic activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| open or closed, complete or incomplete, displace, pathological |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ruptured blood vessels forms haemotoma, influx of inflammatory cells, production of growth factors, formation of firbrin meshwork, endochrondrial ossification forming woven bone, remodeing to form trabecuala bone |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| primarily via parathyroid hormone - secretion increases calcium levels via increasing renal reabsorption, increasing osteoclastic bone resoption, increasing vitamin d synthesis enhancing calcium absorption in the intestines |
|
|
Term
| features of hypercalciemia |
|
Definition
| asymptomatic, fatigue, anorexia, constipation, nausea, poly uria, poly dypsia, arrythmias, tissue calcification, renal caliculi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary hyperparathyroidism, malignancy, drugs, torniguet artefact, sarcoidosis, vitamin D exess |
|
|
Term
| features of hypocalcaemia |
|
Definition
| asymptomatic, irritability, convulsions, arrythmias, muscle spasms |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D or calcium defeciency, renal failure, magnesium defeciency, albumin, acut pancreatitis, rhabdomyolysis, tumor lysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| form DNA cross links and protein damage. SE haemorrhagic cystitis, alopeica, anorexia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lock the synthesis of DNA bases during s phase. SE -myeolosupression, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, alopecia, anaemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibit tubulin proliferation or depolymerisation during M phase. SE - neurotoxicity, nausea, anorexia, alopecia |
|
|
Term
| chemotherapy drug resistance |
|
Definition
| kinetic changes, dynamic changes, induction of multiple drug resistance gene (MDR1) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibition of angiogenesis and cytokine proliferation. Adverse - drowsiness, constipation, peripheral neuropathy, toxic epidermal necrosis, DVT, highly teratogenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme resistant analouge of pyrophospate, inhibits osteoclasts inducing apoptosis and synthesis. |
|
|
Term
| principles of palliative care |
|
Definition
| pain and symptomatic relief, affirms life, psychologica social and spiritual health, supports families and carers, avoids futile intervention, maintains autonomy |
|
|
Term
| common paraneoplastic syndromes |
|
Definition
| cachexia, hypercalcaemia, SIADH, cushings, thrombophilia |
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