Term
| For genetic capability were are three places there are genes? |
|
Definition
1. on chromosomes
2. on plasmids
3. on prophage |
|
|
Term
| With genes on the plasmids what adds virluence genes to plasmids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some nutrient based factors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some environmental factors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growth and multiplication of parasite on or within host |
|
|
Term
| What is infection dependent upon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Causes infectious disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of pathogen? |
|
Definition
1. Primary (frank) pathogen
2. opportunistic pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to cause disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Degree of intensity of pathogenicity |
|
|
Term
| What are the three characteristics of the pathogen that determin virulence? |
|
Definition
1. Infectivity
2. Invasiveness
3. Pathogenic potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to establish point of infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogen potential? |
|
Definition
| The degree to which the pathogen can cause damage to the host. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of pathogenic potential? |
|
Definition
1. Toxigenicity
2. Immunopathology |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The abiltiy to produce toxins |
|
|
Term
What are two toxins produced in toxigenicity?
|
|
Definition
1. Clostridium tetani
2. Corneybacteria diptheria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to trigger exaggerated immune responses |
|
|
Term
| What would be an example of immunopathology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are primary (frank) pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is opporunistic pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways to measure virulence? |
|
Definition
1. Leathal dose 50 (LD50)
2. Infectious dose 50 (ID 50) |
|
|
Term
| What is Leathal dose (LD50)? |
|
Definition
| The number of pathogens (mivrobes) that will kill 50% of an experimental group of hosts. |
|
|
Term
| What is an Infectious dose 50 (ID50)? |
|
Definition
| The number of pathogens that will infect 50 % of an experimental group of hosts |
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways pathogens transfer in the environment? |
|
Definition
1. Direct contact
2. Indirect contact |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 examples of direct contact? |
|
Definition
| coughing, sneezing, and body contact |
|
|
Term
| What are five examples of indirect contact? |
|
Definition
1. soil
2. water
3. food
4. vectors
5. fomites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmission by living organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transmission by inanimate objects |
|
|
Term
| What are the three portals of entry? |
|
Definition
1. body surfaces
2. parenteral
3. vectors |
|
|
Term
| Where is the body surface a portal of entry? |
|
Definition
| Cracks in skin, hair follicles, sweat glands, mucous membranes (major portal) |
|
|
Term
| What are parenteral portals of entry? |
|
Definition
| Needle sticks, blood transfusions, and organ transplants |
|
|
Term
| What is a vector for a portal of entry? |
|
Definition
| It is a organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another |
|
|
Term
| Name three Adherence Factors? |
|
Definition
1. Capsule/Slime Layer
2. Adherence Proteins
3. Fimbriae (Pili) |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of the capsule/slime layer? |
|
Definition
1. Pathogenic E. coli attaches to brush border
2. Strep. mutans binds to tooth surface |
|
|
Term
| What are adherence proteins? |
|
Definition
| They bind to specific cell surface protein |
|
|
Term
| How is Strep. pyogene and example of adherence protein? |
|
Definition
| The M protein binds to epithelial cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of Fimbriae (pilli) as adherence factors? |
|
Definition
1. They are used in Salmonella: epithelia intestinal cells
2. They are used in Pathogenic E. Coli: Epithelial cells in intestines |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of colonization and growth |
|
Definition
Availability of nutrients and Availability of trace elements
|
|
|
Term
| What gives optimal growth conditions? |
|
Definition
| Availability of nutrients |
|
|
Term
| An example of a growth factor that has rapid growth on the placta is the ______? |
|
Definition
| Brucella abortus (uses erythritol) |
|
|
Term
| Fe is an example of what type of colonization and growth? |
|
Definition
| Availabiltity of trace elements |
|
|
Term
| What are the two "ferrins" that scavage Fe. |
|
Definition
| Transferrin and lactoferrin |
|
|
Term
| What does transferrin use to remove Fe from the transferrin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the three types of infection of growth and multiplication of bacterial pathogen?
|
|
Definition
1. Localized
2. Systematic
3. Toxemia |
|
|
Term
| Which infection begins as a local infection in the Kidneys, Lungs, and intestines. Also has septicemia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood |
|
|
Term
| What type of infection has presence of toxins in the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ability of the pathogen to grow in host in vast numbers that inhibits host cell f(x)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An example of invasiveness would be _________ _________ which has a capsule that allows adherence and prevents phagocytosis. (overgrowth impairs cell f(x)) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ability to cause disease by means of preformed toxin that inhibits host cell f(x) or kills host cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would be an example of Toxicity: ____________ ___________: has slow growth at wound site (toxin is the killer) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two types of virulence factors? |
|
Definition
1. Enzymes that destroy host cell components or manipulate the immun response
2. Pathogencitiy Islands |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 enzymes that destroy host cell components or manipulate the immune response? |
|
Definition
1. Collagenase
2. Coagulase
3. Streptokinase
4. Lipases
5. Proteases
6. Nucleases
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
destroys intercellular cement
(Breakdown collagen that forms the framework of connective tissues; allows the pathogen to spread) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Generates fibrin clots
(Coagulaes (clots) the fibrinogen in plasma. The clot protects the pathogen from phagocytosis and isolates it from other host defense.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Breaks down fibrin clots
(A protein that binds to plasminogen and activates the production of plasmin, thus digesting fibrin clots, this allows the pathogen to move from the clotted area) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are large segments of DNA that carry a number of virulence genes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For the regulation of Bacterial virulence factors what can control the expression of virulence genes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogen whose gene for diptheria toxin is regulated by iron? |
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium diptheriae |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogen that expression of virulence genes increases at elevated body temperatures (takes advantage of fever)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogen whose gene for cholera toxin is regulated by pH and temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of toxin? |
|
Definition
| A specific substance that damages a host |
|
|
Term
| What are dieases that result from entry of a specific preformed toxin into a host. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of Intoxications? |
|
Definition
1. Staph aureus enterotoxin
2. Aflatoxins from aspergillus in pet food |
|
|
Term
| What is the condition caused by tozins in the blood of the host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the toxins that interfere with protein syntesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example of Ab toxin? |
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium diptheria |
|
|
Term
| What are the toxins that target nerve tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two examples of Neurotoxins? |
|
Definition
1. Botulinum toxin
2. Tetani toxin |
|
|
Term
| What is the toxin that blocks the release of acetylcholine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the toxin that binds inhibitory interneruons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the toxins that target the intestinal mucosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an example is enterotoxin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the toxins who target gerneal tissues? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two examples of the cytotoxins that are hemolysins? |
|
Definition
1. Staph. aureus
2. Strep. Pyogenes called streptolysin O |
|
|
Term
| The endotoxin, LPS. are usually capable of producing what general systematic effects? |
|
Definition
1. Fever
2. Shock
3. Blood coagulation
4. Weakness
5. Diarrhea
6. Inflammation
7. Intestinal hemorrhage
8. Fibrinolysis |
|
|
Term
| What are the two factors of the endotoxin LPS? |
|
Definition
1. Massive release of chemokinese
2. Massive non-specific B cell response |
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