Term
What are the singular circular cross sections in a lung?
What are the paired circular cross sections seen in a lung? |
|
Definition
singular: veins
paired: arteries & bronchioles |
|
|
Term
| What epithelium is seen in a bhronchiole? |
|
Definition
| pseduostratified ciliated |
|
|
Term
| How do you distinguish a bronchus? |
|
Definition
| bronchus is associated with cartillege & glands |
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|
Term
A 73 yr old woman developed SOB, lethargy, fever, & productive cough of greenish-yellow sputum. WBC count was found to be high, with 93% neutrophils.
What do you think might be going on? |
|
Definition
pneumonia
(clues: age, productive cough, neurophils => acute bacterial pneumonia) |
|
|
Term
| What causes pale, firm areas in a pneumonic lung? |
|
Definition
| possibly microabcesses, purulent inflammation |
|
|
Term
| What infiltrates a pneumonic lung? |
|
Definition
| PMNs & RBCs, proteinous excudate |
|
|
Term
What type of inflammation is seen in a pneumonic lung?
How do you know? |
|
Definition
| suppurative b/c more PMNs (as opposed to lymphocytes) |
|
|
Term
| How does the pale pink exudate infiltrate the pneumonic lung? |
|
Definition
| protein leakage from the vasculature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| focal accumulation of supprative inflammation destroying resident tissue => liquefactive necrosis |
|
|
Term
| What are you looking for in an abcess? |
|
Definition
| sea of purple surrounded by pink |
|
|
Term
| What cellular mediators are the cause of liquefactive necrosis seen in an abcess? |
|
Definition
| lysosomal enzymes & O2-derived free radicals |
|
|
Term
| Why do pneumonia patients have SOB? |
|
Definition
| alveoli are almost non-existant due to infiltrate |
|
|
Term
| What inflammatory mediators cause fever, lethargy, & high peripheral neutrophil count (neutrophilia)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inflammatory cells are residents of the normal colon? |
|
Definition
eosinophils
plasma cells
lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the outermost layer of the colonic wall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why in a colonic biopsy do gastroenterologists not want to sample the full thickness of the colon? |
|
Definition
| you don't want to perforate the colon |
|
|
Term
| In a chronically damaged colon, what chronic inflammatory cells could be seen? |
|
Definition
primarily: plasma cells
macrophage
eosinophil
lymphocyte
PMNs |
|
|
Term
| In chronic colinic damage where are PMNs primarily found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| break in epithelium with infiltration of inflammatory cells & necrotic debris |
|
|
Term
In chronic inflammation of the colon where is chromic inflammation seen?
Where is acute inflammation seen? |
|
Definition
acute: in crypts (PMNs)
chronic: in lamina propria (lymphocytes/plasma cells) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference b/w proximal & distal convoluted tubules? |
|
Definition
distal: clear & circular lumen
proximal: fizzy & star shaped lumen |
|
|
Term
| Where in the kidney are the glomeruli found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is contained in the medulla of the kidney? |
|
Definition
| tubules & collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What inflammatory cells are expected in a typical chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate? |
|
Definition
primarily: lymphocytes
macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What type of necrosis is seen when there are ghost remnants of old structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells should be seen in fibrosis or scarring? |
|
Definition
macrophages
plasma cells
lymphocytes
fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| What causes tissue fibrosis? |
|
Definition
1) decreased # proliferating endothelial cells
2) increased deposition of ECM (fibrillar collagens)
3) CT remodeling |
|
|
Term
| When will chronic inflammatory cell infiltrate predominate? |
|
Definition
| persistent infection or certain types of infection or recurrent infections |
|
|
Term
| In a recurrent infection, when might you see both acute & chronic inflammatory cell infiltrates? |
|
Definition
the first couple recurrent infections
the beginning of each infection |
|
|
Term
| What type of necrosis is seen in TB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are B cells found in lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| primary follicle & gernminal center of secondary follicle. |
|
|
Term
| Where are T cells found in lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
| paracortex (b/w follicles) |
|
|
Term
| What is the subcapsular sinus on the edge of the lymph node? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is granulomatous inflammation important to recognize? |
|
Definition
| latent infections that are difficult to irradicate |
|
|
Term
| What is expected in granulomatous inflammation? |
|
Definition
| macrophages clustered w/ fibrosis surrounded by lymphocyte rim |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenomonic cell of a granuloma? |
|
Definition
| macrophages (tho giant cells are NOT needed for Dx) |
|
|
Term
| How do you identify necrosis in a granuloma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you distinguish between necrosis & fibrosis in granulomatous inflammation? |
|
Definition
| fibrosis occurs outside a granuloma, necrosis is inside |
|
|
Term
| What inflammatory mediators are responsible for fever, night sweats & weight loss associated with TB? |
|
Definition
TNFα
IL-1
prostaglandins
(produced by macrophages & lymphocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What cells would be expected at one day after a skin injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells would be expected at 3 days after a skin injury? |
|
Definition
PMNs
macrophages begin entry |
|
|
Term
| What cells would be expected at one week after a skin injury? |
|
Definition
| macrophages & lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is the wound appearance that can mean healing? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 components of granulation tissue? |
|
Definition
1) residual inflammatory cells
2) newly formed, leaky capillaries
3) proliferating fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| What residual inflammatory cells should be found in granulation tissue? |
|
Definition
primarily macrophages
PMNs
lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What suggests that capillaries are leaky in granulation tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it a good thing that the capillaries are in repair in granulation tissue? |
|
Definition
| allows easier access to tissue for inflammatory cells & other "helpers" |
|
|
Term
| What growth factors are needed for capillary repair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells predominate below the epidermis in a wound several weeks old? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the area beneath the dermis differ from the area beneath the epidermis in a skin wound several weeks old? |
|
Definition
| no lymphocytes, more fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| How does a skin wound several weeks old differ from a granulation skin wound? |
|
Definition
| no macrophages, complete blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| How does a late scar compare to an early scar? |
|
Definition
| late scar has less fibroblasts & is mostly collagen |
|
|
Term
| What inflammatory cells should be seen in inflammation caused by an IgE-mediated allergic reaction? |
|
Definition
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