Term
| The region of the cell that most genetic material is contained |
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Definition
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Term
| A deficiency in ATP can cause what? |
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Definition
Impaired muscle contractions
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Term
| In what phase of catabolism is ATP at its highest? |
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Definition
| Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb's cycle) |
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Term
| These are electrically charged molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| The movement of fluid across capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Changes in the cervical cells which cause cancer |
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Definition
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Term
| Chest pain can be caused by what? |
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Definition
| Hypoxic injury secondary to ischemia |
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Term
| Blood collecting between the dura mater and the surface of the brains is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| A jagged sharp forced wound which is longer than deep is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Gunshot wound with seared edges and a deep penetration of smoke and gunpowder fragments is an example of what? |
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Definition
| contact range entrance wound |
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Term
| Deep bruising, fractured hyoid bone, tracheal and cricoid cartilage is an example of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The movement of this ion into the cells aids in swelling? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is intravascular fluid also referred as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship of water and NA+ in the body? |
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Definition
| Water goes where NA+ goes |
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Term
| What is an example of localized edema? |
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Definition
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Term
| The secretion of aldosterone can lead to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can affect the balance of sodium? |
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Definition
| Natriuretic hormones (peptides) |
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Term
| An increase in resting membrane potential with increased excitablity of cardiac muscle can cause what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Long term hypokalemia can cause what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can also be commonly associated with hyperkalemia and metabolic acidosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Also known as adaptive immunity, targets invading microorganisms to eradicate them, and also involves "memory" resulting in a more rapid response for future exposure to the same microorganism |
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Definition
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Term
| Also known as innate resistance, includes natural barrers such as physical, mechanical, biochemical, and inflammation. |
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Definition
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Term
| List 4 purposes of inflammation: |
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Definition
1. Limits tissue damage of surrounding healthy tissue
2. Prevents infection by diluting toxins with influx of fluid and white blood cells that destroy infectious agents.
3. Initiates the adaptive immune response
4. Initiates healing through removal of bacterial products by drainage through lymphatic vessels. |
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Term
| A predominant cell needed to kill bacteria in the early stages of inflammation |
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Definition
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Term
| The main substance in the fibrinuous mesh which is an insoluble protein produced by the coagulation cascade. |
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Definition
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Term
| What produces lymphoid stem cells and the location where b cells mature? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many subclasses of IGA are there? Where are they found? |
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Definition
| Two. IgA1 and IgA2. IgA1 is found in mostly in the blood, IgA2 is is mostly found in body secretions. |
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Term
| What is IgA2 (secretory IgA) made of? |
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Definition
| Two IgA molecules held together throug a J chain and secretory piece. |
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Term
| An altered immunologic response to an antigen that results in desease or damage to the individual. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most rapid and severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of anaphylaxis? |
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Definition
| Itching, erythema, vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, and breathing difficulties. Severe anaphylactic reactions include contraction of bronchial smooth muscle, edema of the throat, breathing difficulties, decreased blood pressure, shock, and death. |
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Term
| What are three benefits of normal flora? |
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Definition
1. Produce enzymes that facilitate digestion
2. Produce anti-bacterial factors that prevent colonization by pathogenic microorganisms
3. Produce usable metabolites such as vitamin K and B. |
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Term
| What is the hallmark of most infections diseases? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of vaccines are weakened so they continue to express appropriate antigesn but establish only a limited and easily controlled infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a common bacterial vaccines that is a killed micoroorganism. |
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Definition
| Streptoccoccus pneumoniae |
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Term
| What is thea clinical hallmark of immune deficiency. |
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Definition
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Term
| The cause of virtually all human cervical cancer. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two vaccines for HPV? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common cause of gastric infection, peptic ulcer disease, gastric lymphomas, and gastric carcinomas? |
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Definition
| Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) |
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Term
| Name two mechanisms that allow cancer to spread? |
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Definition
| Blood vessels and lmphatic vessel. |
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Term
| How do blood vessels and lyp=mphatic vessels within tumors contribute to the spread of malignant cells? |
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Definition
| They offer direct access into the blood and lymph circulation. |
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Term
| List environmental Risk factors for cancer. |
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Definition
1. Tobacco smoke
2. Ionizing Radiation
3. UV radiation
4. Electromagnetic Fields
5 Diet |
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Term
| What can be caused by Ultraviolet sunlight commonly occurs in individuals with light complexions, eyes and fair hair. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most significant cause of complications and death in people with malignant disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 different types of chemotherapy |
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Definition
1. Single-agent chemotherapy
2. Combination chemotherapy
3. primary or neoadjuvant, chemotherapy. |
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Term
| The upper airway is lined with these cells which warm and humidifiy inspired air and remvoe foreign particles form it |
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Definition
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Term
| These glands produce a liproprotein that coats the inner surface of the alveolus and lowers alveolar surface tnesion at end-expiration which prevents lung collapse? |
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Definition
| Surfactant producing glands |
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Term
| Name 3 functions of the pulmonary system: |
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Definition
1. ventilation of the alveoli
2. diffuses of gases into and out of the blood
3. perfusion of the lungs so that the organs and tissues of teh body receive blood rich in oxygen and low in carbon dioxide |
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Term
| The respiratory center is located in what part of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the different groups in the respiratory center: |
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Definition
1. Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - sets basic automatic rhytme of respiration, receives afferent input from perphera chemoreceptors
2. Ventral respiratory group (VRG) - contains both inspiratory and expiratory neurons becomes active when increased vetilatory effort is required.
3. Pneumotaxic and apneustic center - in the pons, act as modifiers of rhythm. |
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Term
| It is the amount of air that can be forcibly expired after a maximal inspiration and indicates the largest amount of air that can enter and leave the lungs during respiration. |
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Definition
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Term
| What regulates ventilation by its impact on the pH of CSF? |
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Definition
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Term
| Allows for easier finflation of alveoli at low lung volumes than at high volumes. |
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Definition
| Surfactant produced by type II alveolar cells |
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Term
| What can increase the work of breathing? |
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Definition
1. Decrease in lung compliance (pulmonary edema)
2. Decrease in chest wall compliance (spinal deformity/obesity)
3. obstructed airways (asthma or bronchitis)
2. |
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Term
| The subjective sensation of uncomfartable breating, the feeling of being unable to get enough air? |
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Definition
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Term
| Dyspnea when the patient is laying down |
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Definition
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Term
| Characterized by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing, caused by any condition that slows blood flow to the brain stem. |
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Definition
| Cheyne-Stokes respirations |
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Term
| The coughing up of blood which indicates infection or inflammaition that damages the brohci or lung parenchyma. |
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Definition
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Term
| The reduced oxygenation of arterial blood, not to be confused with hypoxia. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most common cause of pulmonary edema |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three causes of pulmonary edema: |
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Definition
1. Left sided heart failure
2. Capillary injury
3. obstruction of the lymphatic system. |
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Term
| List clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema: |
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Definition
1. dyspnea
2. hypoxemia
3. increased work of breathing
4. inspiratory crackles
5. dullness to percussion over lung bases
6. pink frothy sputum |
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Term
| Selected individuals with sever emphysema can benifit from lung from these procudures: |
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Definition
1. Lung reduction surgery
2. Lung transplantation |
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Term
| Causes hyperexpanxion of the chest, which puts the muscles of respiration at a mechanical disadvantage. |
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Definition
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Term
| The infection of the lower respiratory tract caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or parasites. |
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Definition
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Term
| The most common community acquired pneumonia. |
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Definition
| Streptoccoccus pneumoniae |
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Term
| Tuberculosis is caused by this acid-fast bacillus. |
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Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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Term
| Common clinical manifestations of TB: |
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Definition
| Fatigue, weight loss, lethargy, anorexia, and a low-grade fever. Cough with purulent sputum prodicutino, night sweats, anxiety, dypnea, chest pain, and hempotysis. |
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Term
| the occlusion of a portion of the pulmonary vascular bed by an embolus, which can b e a throumbus, tissue gragment, lipids, foreign body or an air bubble |
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Definition
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Term
| What are a majority of pulmonary emboli caused by? |
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Definition
| Clots formed in the veins of the legs and pelvis |
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