Term
| The quality and intensity of the immune responce depend upon |
|
Definition
| antigenic challenges, exogenous modulaters( tumors, drug, disease) and endogenous factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is something a person is born with |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B and T cells that reconise an antigen and know what to do if it attacks again. |
|
|
Term
| how many antigens does one T or B cell recognized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is acquired immunity |
|
Definition
| is acquired after birth as a result of the immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs after natural exposure to antigen or immunization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of preformed antibodies or t lympocytes to recipient |
|
|
Term
| what are the primary cell of the immune responce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where do lymphocytes originate |
|
Definition
| liver, spleen, bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| when do lymphocytes mature |
|
Definition
| when the migrate though lymphoid tissues in various parts of the body |
|
|
Term
| lymphocytes that migrate though the bone marrow become what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-Cells are responsable for what type of immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| humoral immunity occurs when |
|
Definition
| B-Cells secrete antibodies |
|
|
Term
| lymphocytes that migrate though the thymus gland are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T-Cells are responable for what type of immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is histocompatibility antigens |
|
Definition
| HLA antigens are the code that brings about recognition that a substance is foreign |
|
|
Term
| what is the major group of genes that produce the HLA antigens called and where is it located |
|
Definition
| major istocompatibility complex and chromasome 6 |
|
|
Term
| how many antigens does a person express in each genetic locus |
|
Definition
| two or one if they inharited the sameone from their parents |
|
|
Term
| what antigens found on the surface of RBC that determ blood type are call what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what r the most important blood group systems and why |
|
Definition
| ABO and RH these two cause the strongest reaction |
|
|
Term
| when a patient has a transfusion reaction what happens |
|
Definition
| clomping of erythrocytes and lysis of cells |
|
|
Term
| what is the immune response |
|
Definition
| the bodies response to antigen invaders |
|
|
Term
| the immune response results in the production of what two cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-Cells produce what and what do they do |
|
Definition
| antibodies and they enter the blood and interact w/ the antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attack the antigen directly |
|
|
Term
| When B cells encounter an antigen for the first time, those who have antibody receptors complementary to that antigen’s determinant site are stimulated to undergo division and differentiation. B cells that have undergone this process are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they are serum glycoproteins produced by plasma cells in response to challenge by an antigen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are immunoglobulins with specificity for a particular antigen. |
|
|
Term
The chief functions of antibodies are to protect the host by:
|
|
Definition
Neutralizing bacterial toxins
Neutralizing viruses
Opsonizing bacteria (making them susceptible to phagocytosis)
Activating components of the inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| Most humoral immune responses are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immune system WITHIN the body is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immune system at the external surfaces of the body is called |
|
Definition
| secretory (mucosal) immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the secondary immune response |
|
|
Term
Lymphokine producing cells do what
|
|
Definition
| transfer delayed hypersensitivity and secrete proteins that activate other cells, like macrophages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attack antigens directly and destroy cells that bear foreign antigens |
|
|
Term
Helper cells control _____. |
|
Definition
| both cell mediated and humoral responses |
|
|
Term
| what happens when B cells and T cells encounter an antigen they can bind with |
|
Definition
they are stimulated to undergo cell division and increase their numbers.
|
|
|
Term
| The initial exposure to most antigens is followed by a latent period during which B cells produce no detectable antibodies. After about 5 days, IgM can be detected. This marks the beginning of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A second invasion by the same antigen will result in
|
|
Definition
| the secondary immune response |
|
|
Term
| When a secondary immune response has occurred, a larger amount of antibody, called ____, is produced |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The fetus in the last trimester has the capability to mount which immune responce |
|
Definition
| a primary immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an altered immunologic reaction to an antigen that results in a pathologic immune response after reexposure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the deleterious effects of hypersensitivity to environmental antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a disturbance in the immunologic tolerance to self-antigens.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when the immune system of one individual produces an immunologic reaction against the tissues of another individual. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most severe immediate hypersensitivity reaction; rapid and severe response occurring within minutes of re-exposure |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of Systemic anaphylaxis |
|
Definition
| includes itching, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, laryngeal edema |
|
|
Term
what are the Four mechanisms of hypersenativity
|
|
Definition
Type I
Type II
Type III
Type IV
|
|
|
Term
what causes HypersensitivityType I
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what causes type II hypersensitivity
|
|
Definition
| (tissue-specific reactions) |
|
|
Term
Type III hypersensitivity is
|
|
Definition
| (immune-complex mediated reactions) |
|
|
Term
| when IgE ends up binds to certain receptors what happens |
|
Definition
| it causes mast cell degranulation and production of histamine and other inflammatory substances |
|
|
Term
Manifestations of type I reactions are largely attributed to the effects of what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
when a person has a genetic predisposition to a type I reaction and to allergies in general theses predisposed individuals are called _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
how is a type II reaction Characterized
|
|
Definition
| by the destruction or altered function of a target cell through the action of antibody against an antigen on the cell’s plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are environmental antigens that cause atypically exorbitant immunologic responses in genetically predisposed individuals |
|
|
Term
| when does immunologic tolerance develop |
|
Definition
| during the embryonic period, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is the breakdown of tolerance in which the body’s immune system begins to recognize self-antigens as foreign |
|
|
Term
| when does alloimmunity occure |
|
Definition
| an individual’s immune system reacts against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species. I.E. transplanted organs |
|
|
Term
what is hyperacute rejection and when does it happen |
|
Definition
| is immediate the minute the organ is given circulating blood, it turns white instead of healthy pink. Usually occurs in recipients with a preexisting antibody to the antigens in the graft. |
|
|
Term
| what is acute rjection and when does it occure |
|
Definition
| is a cell-mediated immune response occurring about 2 weeks after transplant. Recipient develops an immune response against the unmatched HLA antigens after transplantation |
|
|
Term
| what is chronic rejection and when does it occur |
|
Definition
| may occur after months or years of normal function. It is characterized by slow, progressive organ failure and may be caused by inflammatory damage to endothelial cells lining blood vessels that results from a weak immunologic reaction against minor histocompatibility antigens on the grafted tissue |
|
|
Term
| the “portal of entry” for pathogenic microorganisms may be what |
|
Definition
| direct contact, inhalation, ingestion, or the bite of animal or insects. |
|
|
Term
After penetrating protective barriers, pathogens spread through the _________.
|
|
Definition
| lymph and blood for invasion of tissues and organs, where they multiply and cause disease |
|
|
Term
| What are the First lines of defense against infectious microorganisms |
|
Definition
| The external barriers: skin and mucous membranes |
|
|
Term
what is the second and third lines of defense |
|
Definition
| the inflammatory response and, of course, the immune system. |
|
|
Term
Some bacteria proliferate by producing |
|
Definition
| exotoxins (proteins released during bacterial growth) or endotoxins (contained in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria and released during lysis or destruction of the bacteria. |
|
|
Term
| bacteria that produce endotoxins are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
what is Septicemia (bacteremia)
|
|
Definition
| is the presence of bacteria in the blood and is caused by a failure of the body’s defense mechanisms |
|
|
Term
| how do RETROVIRUSES convert RNA to DNA |
|
Definition
by using the virion’s own enzyme, reverse transcriptase.
|
|
|
Term
| what harmful effects do Virions have at the cellular level |
|
Definition
Cessation of protein synthesis
Disruption of lysosomal membranes and the release of lysosomal enzymes which kill the cell
Alteration of the “identity” of the host cell, causing host immune system to attack it as foreign
Transformation of host cells into cancerous cells
Promotion of secondary bacterial infection in tissues damaged by viruses |
|
|
Term
| Diseases caused by fungi are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fungi that invade the skin, hair, or nails produce diseases called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Congenital immunodeficiency is caused by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Acqured immunodeficiency is caused by
|
|
Definition
| another illness, such as caner or viral infection, or by normal physiologic processes such as aging. |
|
|
Term
| preschool and school-age children average _____ infections a year, usually limited to ______ and _____. Adults average ____ infections per year. |
|
Definition
6-12
upper respiratory tract and ear
2-4 |
|
|
Term
A defect in B cell development results in lower levels of circulating |
|
Definition
| immunoglobulins or hypogammaglobulinemia. |
|
|
Term
A condition in which the level of circulating immunoglobluins is almost absent or is absent is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
CD4 is an antigen on the surface of helper T cells that acts as the primary receptor for the what virus
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is the subjective sensation of uncomfortable breathing, the feeling of being unable to get enough air. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disturbances of ventilation, gas exchange, or V/P relationships, AND increased work of breathing or lung diseases |
|
|
Term
| Signs and symptoms of dyspnea include |
|
Definition
| flaring of the nostrils, intercostal retractions, accessory muscle use |
|
|
Term
what are the symptoms and causes of Kussmaul respirations: |
|
Definition
| induced by strenuous exercise or metabolic acidosis. Characterized by a slightly increased ventilatory rate, very large tidal volumes, and no expiratory pause. |
|
|
Term
how is Cheyne-Stokes respirations characterized |
|
Definition
| by alternating periods of deep and shallow breathing. Apnea lasting from 15-60 seconds is followed by ventilations that increase until a peak is reached; then the apnea appears again. Results from any condition that slows the blood flow to the brain stem. |
|
|
Term
| Acute cough resolves within |
|
Definition
| 2-3 weeks of the onset of illness or resolves with treatment of the underlying condition. |
|
|
Term
Chronic cough persists more than |
|
Definition
| 3 weeks and can be due to postnasal drainage syndrome, asthma, GERD, or SMOKING. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Hemoptysis and what does it indicate |
|
Definition
| the coughing up of blood or bloody secretions. Hemoptysis indicates a localized abnormality, usually infection or inflammation that damages the bronchi (bronchitis) or the lung parenchyma (TB, abcess). |
|
|
Term
| what is the causes and symptoms Cyanosis |
|
Definition
| a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by increasing amounts of desaturated or reduced hemoglobin in the blood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced oxygenation of arterial blood, is caused by respiratory alterations |
|
|
Term
nRespiratory failure is defined as |
|
Definition
| inadequate gas exchange, thus hypoxemia, where PaO2 is less than or equal to 50 mmHg or where PaCO2 is greater than or equal to 50mmHg with ph less than or equal to 7.25. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is excess water in the lung |
|
|
Term
| most common cause of pulmonary edema is |
|
Definition
| heart disease, specifically left heart failure. A decreased left ventricular filling leads to a redistribution of vascular volume into the lungs, which causes an increase in pulmonary capillary hydrostatic pressure. |
|
|
Term
Clinical manifestations pulmonary edema include |
|
Definition
| dyspnea, hypoxemia, and increased work of breathing. Physical exam may reveal inspiratory crackles and dullness to percussion over the bases. In severe edema, pink frothy sputum is expectorated and PaCO2 increases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Compression atelectasis caused by |
|
Definition
| external pressure exerted by tumor, fluid, or air in pleural space, or by abdominal distention pressing on a portion of the lung, causing alveoli to collapse |
|
|
Term
Absorption atelectasis results from
|
|
Definition
removal of air from obstructed or hypoventilated alveoli or from inhalation of concentrated oxygen or anesthetic agents.
|
|
|
Term
atelectasis likes to occur after
|
|
Definition
| surgery because postoperative patients may have received supplemental oxygen or inhaled anesthetics |
|
|
Term
Bronchiectasis is persistent abnormal dilation of the ______and can occur with other ______ and can be cause by |
|
Definition
bronchi
respiratory conditions
obstruction of an airway with mucus plugs, atelectasis, aspiration of a foreign body, infection, etc. |
|
|
Term
Bronchiolitis is an inflammatory obstruction |
|
Definition
| of the small airways, or bronchioles, usually occurring in children. In adults, it tends to accompany chronic bronchitis. |
|
|
Term
Atelectasis or emphysematous destruction of the
alveoli may develop |
|
Definition
| distal to the inflammatory lesion. |
|
|
Term
| Pneumothorax is the presence of what in the pleural space caused by a _____ in the _____ or the ______ and the chest wall. |
|
Definition
air or gas
rupture
visceral pleura
parietal pleura |
|
|
Term
what is Open pneumothorax: |
|
Definition
| air pressure in the pleural space equals barometric pressure because air that is drawn into the pleural space during inspiration is forced back out during expiration. |
|
|
Term
What is a Tension pneumothorax: |
|
Definition
| site of pleural rupture acts as a one-way valve and permits air to enter on inspiration, but not leave on expiration. As more and more air enters, air pressure of the pneumothorax exceeds barometric pressure. These effects are LIFE THREATENING if not treated. |
|
|
Term
| Clinical manifestations of pneumothorax in general include |
|
Definition
| dyspnea, hypoxemia, pleural pain, tachypnea. |
|
|
Term
| what is Pleural effusion and what is its causes |
|
Definition
| is the presence of fluid in the pleural space. The source of the fluid is usually blood vessels or lymphatic vessels lying beneath the pleura, but can be an abscess or lesion draining into the pleural space. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transudative (watery) or exudative (white blood cells). |
|
|
Term
Empyema is the presence of pus in the _____ (infected pleural effusion) and is a complication of _______. |
|
Definition
pleural space (infected pleural effusion) respiratory infection. |
|
|
Term
Pulmonary fibrosis is an excessive amount of and It can be caused by |
|
Definition
fibrous or connective tissue in the lung.
healing (formation of scar) after disease or by inhalation of harmful substances (coal, dust, asbestos). Or, it can have no known cause. |
|
|
Term
| Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a fulminant form of |
|
Definition
| respiratory failure characterized by acute lung inflammation and diffuse alveolocapillary injury with noncardiogenic pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
| ARDS: Clinical Manifestations |
|
Definition
Hyperventilation
Respiratory alkalosis
Dyspnea and hypoxemia
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory acidosis
Further hypoxemia
Hypotension, decreased cardiac output
Death |
|
|
Term
| Note that childhood exposure to high levels of allergens, like cigarette smoke, increases the likelihood of developing a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| asthma inflammatory process produces |
|
Definition
| bronchial smooth muscle spasm, vascular congestion, edema formation, production of thick mucus, impaired ciliary function, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. |
|
|
Term
what happens to a patien who goes into an asthma attack.
that happens to their gas lvs |
|
Definition
Hyperventilation is triggered. Intrapleural and alveolar gas pressures rise and cause decreased perfusion of alveoli. Thus, the V/P ratio is different in different lung segments. This results in hypoxemia with decreased CO2 and increased pH. However, as severity increases, air trapping increases work of breathing and leads to CO2 retention and respiratory acidosis. |
|
|
