Term
| Hyperkalemia (above 5.1 mEq/ml) |
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Definition
Hyperkalemia
Etiology:
rapid intake/infusion of K
salt subsitutes
transfusion of stored blood uncontrolled diabetes
medications(K sparing diuretic)
renal disease
*symptomatic at 5.1
Manifestations:
muscle weakness
flaccid paralysis
GI cramping
decrease in duration of cardiac potential
irregular pulse
* risk for cardiac arrest, because heart can't relax. |
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Term
Hypokalemia
(3.2, 2.5=life threatning) |
|
Definition
Hypokalemia
Etiology:
decrease intake
excess excretion
excess insulin
diarrhea
gastric suction
renal disease
burns
Manifestations:
slowed muscle function, weakness
cardiac dysrhythmia (flat T wave), polyuria
* 3.2= dangerous, 2.5= life threatning. |
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Term
| Hypernatremia (above 145 mEq/ml) |
|
Definition
Hypernatremia
Etiology:
excess water loss/sodium gain
processed food
IV fluid
diabetes insipidus (lack of ADH to control fluid loss).
Manifestations: excessive thirst, dry mouth/tounge, restlessness and confusion, lethargy. |
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|
Term
| Hyponatremia (below 136 mEq/ml) |
|
Definition
Hyponatremia
Etiology:
water gain/Na loss
excess GI loss
renal disease
water intox
diruetic.
Manifestations: irritability and confusion, anorexia, seizure, coma. |
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|
Term
| Hypermagnesemia (above 2.1 mEq/ml) |
|
Definition
Etiology:
increase intake
bone demineralization
milk of mag abuse
renal disease
Manifestations: DECREASE neuromuscular function, drowsiness, bradycardia (<60 bpm), diaphoresis, respiratory distress. |
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Term
| Hypomagnesemia (below 1.3 mEq/ml) |
|
Definition
Etiology:
alcohol abuse
laxative abuse
panreatic disease
malnutrition.
Manifestations: INCREASE neuromuscular function, positive Chvostek, nystagmus (rapid involuntary eye move), ataxia (incoordination), tetany, seizures |
|
|
Term
| Hypercalcemia (above 5.5 mg/dl) |
|
Definition
Etiology:
vit D overdose
mmobilization
bone tumor
chemotherapy.
Manifestations: anorexia, fatigue, constipation, muscle weakness, headache, cardiac dysrhythmia. |
|
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Term
| Hypocalcemia (below 4.5 mg/dl) |
|
Definition
Etiology:
pancreatic disease
decrease dietary intake
laxative abuse
malabsorption
hypomagnesia
renal disease
excess phosphorus
Manifestations: neuromuscular irritability, positive Trousseau sign, positive Chvostek sign, paresthesia, tetany (spasms, hyperreflexia, cramps) |
|
|
Term
| Hyperphosphatemia (above 4.5 mg/dl) |
|
Definition
Etiology:
excess use of phosphate supplement, phosphate enema
Manifestations: depend on Ca levels, if Ca is low (see hypocal. effects), if Ca is normal (may have excess in joints). |
|
|
Term
| hypophosphatemia ( below 3.0 mg/dl) |
|
Definition
alcoholism
intractable diarrhea
antacid abuse
hyperinsulinemia
cellular destruction.
Manifestations: anorexia, malaise, confusion, stupor, muscle aches, weakness |
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