Term
| DON'T FORGET TO REVIEW LAB NORMALS |
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Definition
| THEY HAVE THEIR OWN FLASH CARD SET |
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Term
| In the hospital, you frequently draw blood for the measurement of electrolytes. What are your measuring the intracellular or extracellular level of the electrolyte? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The force required for water not to enter a chamber.
The osmolality of the blood is the amount of pressure it would take to keep water in the interstitial space, and vice versa. The more solutes there are in a chamber, the more water wants to move into that chamber (osmosis), the more pressure it would take to keep water out (osmolality).
measured in milliosmoles (mOsm) |
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Term
An athlete ran a marathon even though he felt ill. After the race, the athlete collapsed. Clinical manifestations included pale skin, sunken eyes and a low blood pressure. A knee and ankle were badly swollen and the abdomen was distended with fluid. Appendicitis and dehydration were diagnosed.
What has happened to the athlete’s:
– Vascular compartment volume?
– Blood osmolarity?
– Cell size?
– Transcellular fluid volume? |
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Definition
| decreased; increased; shrink; Increased (serous membranes, sacs, etc.) |
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Term
What is the cause of the edema?
– Allergic reaction to a bee sting
– Below normal serum protein (Albumin)
– Recent radical mastectomy |
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Definition
increased capillary permeability (inflammatory process); reduced capillary osmotic pressure;
lymphatic destruction (obstruction) |
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Term
What body system is the main source for water loss?
What hormone controls water and prevents diuresis?
What hormone controls sodium and through the control of sodium causes fluid to move from the glomerular filtrate back into the vascular system?
What hormone, when secreted would cause my osmolality to drop?
What would a conscious patient with a high serum osmolality want to do? Why? |
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Definition
kidney
ADH
aldosterone
ADH
Drink water; Stimulates thirst pathways |
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Term
A client is bleeding from a gunshot wound to the abdomen.
What is being lost ? (fluids, solutes or both)
What type of volume contraction would this condition create?
How would this condition be treated? |
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Definition
both
Isotonic deficit
STOP THE BLEEDING, give isotonic solution (0.9% normal saline) |
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Term
Where is the concentration highest - (intracellular or extracellular)?
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
What would happen to serum potassium levels if there was massive
hemolysis of red blood cells? |
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Definition
extracellular
intracellular
extracellular
Massive increase |
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Term
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Definition
• Thromboxane a: vasoconstriction
• Prostaglandins: vasodilation and histamine promotion
• Histamine: arterial dilation and vascular permeability
• Leukotrienes: cellular stage promotion
• Platelet activating factor
• Plasma proteins (Clotting, complement system: vasodilation, vascular permeability, enhances phagocytic activity)
• Cytokines/chemokines (Messengers b/t inflammatory cells and tissues; tumor necrosis factor, etc.)
• Chemokines: chemotactic pathway
• Nitric oxide/Free radicals (Amplify inflammatory process; NO reduces cellular phase response) |
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Term
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Definition
Illness Promotes Ailment and Causes Rash:
Incubation: pre-symptomatic infection
Prodrome: primary, weak symptoms
Acute: full symptomatic infection
Convalescence: resolution of symptoms
Resolution: elimination of pathogen |
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Term
The number of times Dr. Stark used the phrase "If you will" during week 4.
The number of times Dr. Stark used the phrase "if you will" correctly (i.e. in offering of a new phrase: "it's an omnidimensional partical accelerator, or ODPA, if you will.") |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Innate: skin, NKs, phagocytes, etc.
Adaptive: Humoral (B, CD4-T, antibody-antigen; extracellular) and Cell-Mediated (CD8-T; intracellular) |
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Term
| 1. _________ are foreign to the host and they________ an immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. What are considered antigens? |
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Definition
| viruses, bacteria, pollen, transplanted organs, etc. |
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Term
Name that Immune System Cell!
• I act to promote B lymphocytes to produce antibodies and T lymphocytes to lyse intracellular microbes. |
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Definition
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Term
True or False:
B lymphocytes are the only cell capable of producing antibodies
B lymphocytes differentiate into cytotoxic T cells
Cytotoxic T cells (CD8) – effector cells that actually destroy antigens
IgM is the only antibody that crosses the placenta |
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Definition
True
False (plasma cells/memory Bs)
True (intracellular)
False (IgG) |
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Term
If your patient has a tracheostomy, what normal functions of the
respiratory system have been bypassed?
What implications does this have for nursing?
The walls of bronchioles don’t have cartilage rings. How might this be significant in a client who has an asthma attack? |
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Definition
Humidification, filtration, and warmth
Increased risk for infection, provision of humidification, etc.
More likely for constriction of bronchioles |
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Term
| Is control of breathing automatic or voluntary? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a normal person, what happens when the blood carbon dioxide level increases? |
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Definition
| Increase in ventilation as a result of messages from chemoreceptors to the pons centers |
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Term
A client’s lungs were damaged during a fire. The client experienced severe
Respiratory distress. The doctor said smoke inhalation caused
inflammation of the alveoli and some of the surfactant was destroyed.
What would happen to this client’s lung compliance?
Why was positive pressure ventilation used to treat the client? |
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Definition
Decreased lung compliance, higher surface tension
No movement of muscles can overcome lack of compliance, takes more pressure to open alveoli due to decreased compliance |
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Term
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Definition
HeLPaRS
Heat
Loss of function
Pain
Redness
Swelling |
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Term
Ventilation
Diffusion
Perfusion |
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Definition
– movement of gases from the atmosphere into the airway
– movement of gas from a high concentration area to a low concentration area
– flow of blood |
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Term
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Definition
Shunt: airway blockage, no ventilation, no diffusion of gases
Dead air space: clot, no perfusion, no diffusion of gases |
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