Term
| What line of defense is immunity and what are the two purposes of immunity? |
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Definition
3rd line of defense;
-Defend body against invasion or infection by antigens
-Patrols and destroys abnormal or damaged cells |
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Term
| What are the components of adaptive immunity? (Lymphoid progenitor cells) |
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Definition
T Lymphocytes:
-Cytotoxic
-Helper
B Lymphocytes
-Plasma cells
-Antibody cells (memory cells) |
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Term
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Definition
-Most common (75-80%)
-Smallest
-Easily escapes bloodstream to interstitial fluid
-Antiviral, antitoxin, antibacterial
-Crosses placenta barrier |
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Term
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Definition
-10% of circulating immunoglobulin
-Mostly found in intravascular pool, can not cross capillary wall
-First immunoglobulin produced after exposure to antigen or immunization
-Major antibody found on B cells
-Works best to activate compliment |
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Term
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Definition
-Produced by plasma cells located in tissue under skin/ mucous membranes
-Primarily found in saliva, tears, tracheobrachial secretion, colostrum, breast milk, and GI/GU secretion |
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Term
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Definition
-Found in tiny amounts in serum
-Primarily found on B cell membranes (w/ IgM)
-Thought to be cellular antigen receptor that acts to stimulate B cell to: multiply, differentiate, secrete other specific immunoglobulin |
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Term
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Definition
-Bound to receptors on basophils and mast cells causing mast cell degranulation
-Trace amounts in serum
-Immunity to parasites
-Responsible for the initiation of allergic reactions and inflammation |
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Term
| What are the functions of antibodies? |
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Definition
-Precipitation and agglutination
-Neutralization
-Opsonization
-Compliment activation |
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Term
| What is the purpose of a titer? |
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Definition
| Measures level of serum immunoglobulins |
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Term
| What is the purpose of Coombs test? |
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Definition
| Detect rh blood imcompatibility |
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Term
| What is the purpose of ELISA? |
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Definition
Detect HIV antibodies and other pathogens.
Not necessarily a good measure of level/ immunity |
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Term
| What is the purpose of MHC typing? |
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Definition
| Tissue matching prior to transplant |
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Term
| Describe the primary and secondary immune response. |
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Definition
Primary:
-First exp. to antigen
-1 to 2 weeks for antibodies titer to reach efficiency
Secondary
-Repeat exp. to the same antigen
-More rapid response with efficiency up to 1 to 3 days |
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Term
| What are the types immunity? (Source of antibodies) |
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Definition
Natural
Innate
Acquired
-Active
-Passive |
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Term
| Describe Active Natural Immunity |
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Definition
Natural exp. to antigen
Development of antibodies |
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Term
| Describe Active Artificial Immunity |
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Definition
Antigen purposefully introduced into the body.
Stimulation of antibody production
Immunization and booster immunizations |
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Term
| Describe Passive Natural Immunity |
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Definition
IgG transferred from mother to fetus
-Across placenta
-Through breast milk
-Protects infant for first few months of life/ until weaned |
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Term
| Describe Passive Artificial Immunity |
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Definition
Injection of antibodies
Short-term protection |
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Term
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Definition
-Immunes system recognizes its on cells as foreign and launches immune response causing self injury
-Breakdown of self tolerance
-No single theory explains self tolerance of autoimmune diseases |
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Term
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Definition
-Immune response to tissue of another individual of the same specie (transplant rejection)
-MHC complexes |
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Term
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Definition
| Major histocompatibility complex |
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Term
| Describe hypersensitivity |
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Definition
Normal immune response that is:
-Inappropriately triggered
-Excessive
-Produces undesirable effects on the body
Basic mechanism
-Antigen-antibody reaction or;
-Antibody- lymphocyte interaction |
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Term
| Which lymphocytes mediate the different hypersensitive classes |
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Definition
B cells mediate- I, II, III
T cells mediate- IV |
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Term
| Describe Hypersensitivity Type I Pathogenesis |
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Definition
-Strong genetic/ hereditary linkage regarding IgE response to antigen
-Immediate onset hypersensitivity
--Reaction can occur within 15-30 min
-IgE is principle mediating antibody
-IgE binds to mast cell |
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Term
| When does hypersensitivity type I typically present? (which exposure) |
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Definition
| 2nd and subsequent exposure to antigen |
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Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of hypersensitivity type I? (mild to severe) |
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Definition
Mild- Hives, seasonal allergic rhinitis, eczema,
Mid- Throat constriction, localized edema, wheezing, tachycardia
Severe- Anaphylaxis-- most life threatening, rare |
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Term
| What are some examples of hypersensitivity type I |
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Definition
| Hay Fever, Food Allergies, Atopic dermatitis, Bee sting, Asthma, Drug allergy |
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Term
| What are the methods to manage hypersensitivity type I |
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Definition
Pharm- Antihistamine, epinephrine
Prevention during infancy and pregnancy
Pharmacotherapeutic prevention- immunotherapy, pharmacologic desensitization
Environmental control |
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Term
| Describe Hypersensitivity Type II Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Tissue specific, cytotoxic, or cytolytic hypersensitivity
IgG attack antigens on surface of specific tissue or cells |
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Term
| What are some examples of hypersensitivity type II |
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Definition
Transfusion reaction
-individual receives blood from someone with incompatible blood group
Hyperacute graft rejection
-Transplanted donor tissue has an antigen to which recipient has preformed antibodies
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Graves disease
-Autoimmune disease that causes over-activity of thyroid gland leading to hyperthyroidism
Myasthenia Gravis
-Autoimmune neuromuscular disorder |
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Term
| Describe Hypersensitivity Type III Pathogenesis |
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Definition
-Immune complex reaction
-Immune and phagocytic system fails to effectively remove antibody-antigen immune complexes; not tissue specific
-Deposit of antigen-antibody complexes in:
--activation of complement; subsequent tissue inflammation; destruction |
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Term
| What are some examples of hypersensitivity type III |
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Definition
-Immune complex glomerulonephritis
-Rheumatoid arthritis
-Systemic lupus erythematosus |
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Term
| Describe Hypersensitivity Type IV Pathogenesis |
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Definition
Delayed hypersensitivity
No primary antibody involvement
Principal mediator- lymphocytes |
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Term
| What are some examples of hypersensitivity type IV |
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Definition
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