Term
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Definition
| The study of abnormalities in physiologic functioning of living beings |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the causes or reasons for phenomena |
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Term
| What are methods of describing etiology? |
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Definition
Idiopathic- cause is unknown
Iatrogenic- cause is the result of an unintended or unwanted medical tx
Multifactorial- has multiple etiologic factors that contribute to its development |
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Term
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Definition
| The development or evolution of disease, from initial stimulus to ultimate expression of manifestations of disease |
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Definition
| a factor that when present increases the likelihood of disease |
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Term
| How are risk factors categorized? |
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Definition
| Modifiable or non-modifiable |
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Definition
| Promote the onset of clinical manifestations |
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Term
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Definition
| Objective or observed manifestations of disease |
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Definition
| Subjective feeling of abnormality in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of signs and symptoms not yet determined to delineate a disease |
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Term
| How are clinical manifestations described? |
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Definition
Location- local vs systemic
Time- Acute vs chronic
Presence- Remissions vs exacerbations |
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Term
| Describe: diagnosis types |
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Definition
| Medical, nursing, collaborative |
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Term
| Describe: tx types and purpose |
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Definition
Medical, nursing, collaborative interventions
Eliminate and reduce cause
Eliminate and reduce clinical manifestations |
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Term
| What are contributing factors to human diversity and how? |
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Definition
• Cultural considerations: each culture defines health
and illness in a manner that reflects their experience
• Age and biologic factors linked: a normal value for a person at one age may not be normal for a person at another age
• Race/ethnic differences: relevant in both health and disease
• Socioeconomic status: lower SES have poorer health
and health outcomes
• Gender differences: relevant in both health and
disease
• Situational differences: determine whether a
derivation from normal should be considered abnormal or an adaptation mechanism
• Time variations: may impact how the body responds from day to night, or at varying times |
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Term
| Describe the levels of prevention |
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Definition
Primary: [education] altering susceptibility; reducing exposure for susceptible people
Secondary: early detection, screening and management of disease
Tertiary: [tx] rehab, supportive care, reducing disability, and restoring effective functioning following disease |
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Term
Which of the following is an example of the clinical manifestation known as a sign?
1. Nausea
2. Bruise
3. Headache
4. Loss of appetite |
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Definition
| 2. bruise/ A sign is visible to the observing health care provider, whereas symptoms are subjective and must be reported. |
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Term
An obese adult with type 2 diabetes is given a prescription for a low-calorie diet and exercise program. This is an example of:
primary prevention.
secondary prevention.
tertiary prevention.
disease treatment. |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: Individuals experiencing the same disease process exhibit the same clinical manifestations. |
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Definition
| False: There are vast individual differences in the manifestation of disease. This can be affected by age, gender, and ethnicity as well as the clinical stage and course of the disease. |
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Term
Which of the following would be a non-modifiable risk factor for heart disease?
Smoking
Obesity
Elevated blood pressure
Family history |
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Definition
| FH: All others are modifiable |
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Term
| T or F: A change in a physiologic variable is more significant than the absolute values. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the body structure. |
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Definition
| Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organ systems |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• Decrease in the size of cells due to a decrease in
functional demand
• Results in reduced tissue mass |
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Term
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Definition
Increase in the SIZE of cells due to an increase in functional demand
Results in enlarged tissue mass |
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Term
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Definition
Increase in the NUMBER of cells due to an increase in functional demand and/or increased stress
Results in enlarged tissue mass |
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Term
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Definition
| Mature cell type is replaced by different mature cell type, typically due to increased stress |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement, and/or structure, typically due to increased stress |
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Term
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Definition
| Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures. Can imply more advanced cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| "new growth"- commonly called tumor. |
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Term
| Are anaplasia and neoplasms reversible? |
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Definition
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Term
The nurse is examining the results of the bronchoscopy of a patient that has smoked for 20 years. The report shows stratified squamous cells are present instead of columnar ciliated cells. The nurse understands that this represents which type of cellular adaptation?
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Dysplasia
Anaplasia |
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Definition
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Term
A patient returns to the clinic for her Pap smear results, which revealed cervical dysplasia. Which of the following statements if made by the nurse accurately describes the condition?
A.“Some cells in your cervix have increased in size.”
B. “Some cells in your cervix have become immature.”
C. There are anaplastic changes in the nucleus of some of your cells.”
D. “Some of your cervical cells have become cancerous.” |
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Definition
| B. “Some cells in your cervix have become immature.” |
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Term
Which of the following cellular changes is considered to be preneoplastic?
A. Anaplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Metaplasia
D. Hyperplasia |
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Definition
B. Dysplasia
Dysplasia represents an adaptive effort gone astray. There is significant potential to transform into cancerous cells, thus referred to as preneoplastic lesions. |
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Term
| Describe the etiologies of cell injury |
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Definition
-Ischemia and Hypoxic Injury
-Nutritional Injury
-Chemical Injury
-Physical and mechanical injury |
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Term
| Describe the pathway of cell injury |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the types of reversible cell injury? |
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Definition
Hydropic swelling- cellular swelling due to accumilation of water
Intracellular accumulations |
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Term
| Describe free radical formation |
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Definition
An electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms that contain an unpaired electron
Unstable, formed by red/ox process
Causes damage by: -Lipid peroxidation; -Attacks proteins disrupting transport channels |
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Term
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Definition
Irreversible;
Usually occurs as a consequence to ischemia or toxic injury
Four types: coagulative, liquefactive, fat, caseous |
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Term
| Describe: coagulative necrosis |
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Definition
Most common;
Process that begins with ischemia and ends with degradation of plasma membrane |
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Term
| Describe: liquefactive necrosis |
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Definition
| Occurs with dissolution of dead cells, liquification of lysosomal enzymes, and formation of abcess or cyst from disolved dead tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Death of adipose tissue
Usually result of trauma or pancreatitis
Appears as chalky white area of tissue |
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Term
| Describe: Caseous necrosis |
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Definition
Characteristic of lung damage secondary to TB
Resembles clumpy cheese tissue |
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Term
| Explain: Consequences of necrosis |
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Definition
| Loss of function; Inflammatory response/ fever; Focci of infection; Release of intracellular protein- serum levels used as markers of cell death |
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Term
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Definition
Irreversible;
Cellular death in a large area of tissue;
Results from interruption of blood supply to a particular part of the body;
Three types: Wet, dry, and gas |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of coagulative necrosis characterized by blackened, dry, wrinkled tissue separated by a line of demarcation from healthy tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of liquefactive necrosis typically found in internal organs but also can be seen outwardly |
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Term
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Definition
| Results from infection of necrotic tissue by anaerobic bacteria (Clostridium), which is categorized by formation of gas bubble in damaged tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs in response to injury that does not directly kill the cell, but triggers intercellular cascades that activate a cellular suicide response
Not always a pathologic process
Does not cause inflamation |
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Term
Which of the following cellular responses is indicative of injury due to faulty metabolism?
A. Hydropic swelling
B. Lactate production
C. Metaplasia
D. Intracellular accumulations |
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Definition
D. Intracellular accumulations
Faulty metabolism leads to build up of substances within the cell. |
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Term
| T or F: The type of irreversible cell injury that initiates an inflammatory response is called apoptosis. |
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Definition
False
Necrosis is this type of cell death, and is far more common in pathology. |
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Term
A patient’s chest X-ray shows several granulomas that are indicative of caseous necrosis. The patient most likely has:
A. asthma.
B. pneumonia.
C. lung cancer.
D.tuberculosis. |
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Definition
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Term
The nurse is trying to best explain what happens when tissues become necrotic. The nurse is correct in saying that in necrosis, tissues are:
A. multiplying.
B. inflamed.
C. infected.
D. dead. |
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Definition
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Term
When patients have an ischemic event, cellular damage occurs after:
A. increased production of ATP.
B. increased oxygenation.
C. decreased mitochondrial energy production.
D. increased pH. |
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Definition
| C. decreased mitochondrial energy production. |
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Term
Which of the following is occurring inside of John’s Cells while they are not receiving enough oxygen due to ischemia (Select All that Apply)?
A. increased intracellular potassium.
B. increased intracellular calcium.
C. increased intracellular sodium.
D. increased intracellular magnesium. |
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Definition
B. increased intracellular calcium.
C. increased intracellular sodium. |
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Term
| Describe: Cardiac Hypertrophy Pathophysiology |
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Definition
Increased cardiac muscle mass
Etiology: Inherited genetic trait; Excessive cardiac workload; Increased functional demand |
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Term
| Describe: Cardiac hypertrophy clinical manifestations |
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Definition
Variable: Mild to severe
SOB
Syncope
Impaired cardiac function (altered rate and rhythm) |
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Term
| Describe: Cardiac hypertrophy dx criteria |
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Definition
Genetic testing
Screening:
H&P- HTN, reduced exercise tolerance, ventricular arrhythmia, heart murmur
Techniques: EKG, echocardiogram, stress tests |
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Term
| Describe: Cardiac hypertrophy tx |
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Definition
Surgical
Pharmacologic: Drugs that relax ventricles, drugs that reduce workload of the heart
Non-pharmacologic: Activity restriction, diet and exercise |
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Term
| What would make the heart work harder? |
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Definition
HTN: systemic or pulmonary
Valvular disorders
Vascular disease
Stress |
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Term
An increase in cardiac size and function due to increased workload is termed:
A. atrophy.
B. hypertrophy.
C. functional demand.
D. inflammation. |
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Definition
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Term
A public health nurse is providing community education related to risks for cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. He should be sure to include which of the following? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY.
A. Smoking
B. Exercise
C. Hypertension
D. Asthma |
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Definition
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