Term
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Definition
| Stress, acute and chronic, weakens the immune system |
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Term
| Music/Relaxation and its Effect on Stress |
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Definition
| Music & Relaxation have been shown to propagate parasympathetic nervous activity, which secondarily inhibits sympathetic nervous activity and therefore symptoms of stress |
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Term
| Stress and Cardiovascular Health |
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Definition
| Cardiovascular issues, like CHF, can be worsened by stress, as the associated sympathetic nervous excitation causes an increase in the heart rate through neuroendocrine pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| As one ages, the negative effects of stress worsen |
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Term
| Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| Chronic activation of the stress response as a result of a significant traumatic event; treatments include relaxation exercises, guided imagery, music therapy, massage therapy, and biofeedback training |
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Term
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Definition
>37.5 degC
cytokines act on the hypothalamus to raise the thermoregulatory set point causing body temperature to rise via shivering, increased metabolism, etc. |
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Term
| Pt presents with fever; skin, pulse, and respiratory rate will be |
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Definition
| warm/flushed, high, and high |
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Term
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Definition
| Acetominophen inhibits cytokine activity, resetting the set-point in the hypothalamus, thereby reversing the natural fever pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| <28 degC, loss of ability to regulate heat loss |
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Term
| Temperature-Taking Methods in Order from Most Accurate to Least Accurate |
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Definition
| Rectal, Sublingual, Aural, Typmanic, Axillary |
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Term
| Rewarming technique preferred for simple/moderate/severe hypothermia |
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Definition
passive/active external/active core
Passive: blanket and warm fluids
active external: hot bath
active core: peritoneal dialysis, warmed oxygen, etc. |
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Term
| True or False: Warm skin is indicative of a fever. |
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Definition
| True ALTHOUGH, many things may affect: weather, clothing, heater, etc. |
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Term
| Importance of Thermoregulation |
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Definition
| Biochemical processes in cells can only function between 35 and 37 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
De: condition moves above upper or below lower threshold of homeostasis
Re: condition returns within limits of homeostasis
i.e.: Temperature: fever, then fever breaks |
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Term
| 4 mechanisms of heat production |
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Definition
it's SIMPle
Sympathetic nervous excitation
Involuntary muscle movement (shivering)
Metabolism
Physical exertion |
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Term
| metabolic relationship to body temperature |
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Definition
| 7% increase in metabolic rate = 1+ degF |
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Term
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Definition
heat goes in a CiRClE
Convection
Radiation
Conduction
Evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
| marked by loss of ability to sweat |
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Term
| Heat Gain & Loss Mechanisms and Heat Transfer Mechanism Involved |
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Definition
Gain
Shivering and Pilomotor constriction: conduction
Huddling: Radiation (reduces surface area)
Vasoconstriction: Radiation and Convection
Loss
Sweating: evaporation
vasodilation: radiation and convection |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Condition under which body naturally returns to original set point in the presence of pyrogens |
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Definition
| Trick question. As long as pyrogens are present, Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) will continue to affect a rise in the set point in the hypothalamus. Acetominophen is not natural, but will counteract PGE2 |
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Term
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Definition
heat kills microbes, and interferes with their replication
facilitates immune response
measurable warning of disease |
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Term
| Stages of Fever and Defining Characteristics |
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Definition
Prodrome: mild symptoms
Chill: clammy skin, shaking, "feel" cold
Flush: cutaneous vasodilation, warmth
Defervescence: initiation of sweating |
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Term
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Definition
Increased set point VS. no change to set point
temp control mechanisms (TCMs) to return to normal VS. TCMs ineffective, heat production/absorption greatly outweighs efforts to lose heat; extreme: heat stroke |
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Term
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Primary: Hyperthermia
Secondary: Muscle Cramps |
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Definition
| H--> excessive sweating--> sodium + water loss--> hyponatremia--> MC |
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Term
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Primary: Hyperthermia
Secondary: Oliguria |
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Definition
| H--> excessive sweating--> water loss--> hypovolemia--> low GFR--> O |
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Term
| True or False: Though deadly, heatstroke is easily treated, and pts often survive. |
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Definition
| False, heatstroke--a rise in temp over 40degC/104degF--is characterized by a life-threatening loss of ability to thermoregulate. Hyperthermia must therefore be treated at Heat Exhaustion stage or earlier |
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Term
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Definition
| autosomal-dominant disorder: involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle increases body heat to dangerous levels in response to stress or general anesthesia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Primary: hypothermia
Secondary: poor coordination |
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Definition
| H--> increased protein coagulation--> increased blood viscosity--> decreased blood flow--> decreased oxygenation of brain--> PC |
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Term
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Primary: hypothermia
Secondary: Decreased Respiratory Rate |
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Definition
| H--> hypothalamus (below lower threshold)--> parasympathetic pathway to reduce heat loss--> DRR |
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Term
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Definition
| PGE2-releasing factor from outside the body; i.e. bacterial infection |
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Term
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Definition
| PGE2-releasing factor from inside the body; i.e. inflammatory responders |
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Term
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Definition
| 1degF increase in body temp = 15bpm increase in heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
| physiological changes in neuroendocrine activity, autonomic nervous activity, and/or immune activity that occur as a response to internal and external stressors |
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Term
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Primary: Calcium Deficiency
Secondary: Normocalcemia |
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Definition
CD--> chemoreceptors signal parathyroid gland--> PTH is released--> increases osteoclast activity (resorption of calcium from bone)--> N
AND
PTH--> kidneys--> increased reabsorption of Ca++ into blood (N)
AND
Kidneys--> increased activation of Vit. D--> gut: increased absorption of Ca++ from diet (N) |
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Term
| 4 examples of compensatory mechanisms |
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Definition
Heat: sweat, vasodilation
Thirst: osmoreceptors--> Hypothal--> drink water
Acidosis: less reabsorption of H+, more reabosorption of HCO3- |
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Term
| endogenous vs. exogenous STRESSORS |
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Definition
| pathogens or events which activate the autonomic nervous/endocrine/immune pathways which originate within VS. without the body (i.e. MI VS. trauma) |
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Term
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Definition
Adaptive changes to maintain function
OR
Failure to maintain function--> injury/maladaptive changes--> cell death |
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Term
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Definition
| syndrome of the body developed in response to an intensely demanding stimulus |
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Term
| General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
| neuroendocrine, ANS, immune response; time limited: too long--> damage or desensitization |
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Term
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Definition
| catecholamine reaction: nor/epinephrine released from adrenals, increasing BP & HR (Sympathetic Reaction) |
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Term
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Definition
| "Stress Hormone": glucocorticoid released by adrenals, alters glucose and fat metabolism (breaks down fats and sugars to glucose, raising blood glucose), and suppresses inflammatory/immune responses during stress |
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Term
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Definition
| stressor overwhelms body, wear and tear, depletion of resources |
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Term
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Definition
Cerebral Cortex: increased focus
limbic system: emotional upheaval
thalamus: prioritizes sensory information
hypothalamus & pituitary: coordinates ANS and endocrine responses
reticular activating system (RAS): neural and muscular enhancement |
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Term
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Definition
| Product of a pathway inhibits different steps of its own synthesis, self-regulating amount synthesized. (i.e. cortisol--> pituitary and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Primary: excess sodium in diet
Secondary: normal blood osmolality |
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Definition
| ESD--> osmoreceptors--> hypothalamus--> antidiuretic hormone (ADH)--> kidneys--> increased H2O reabsorption |
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Term
| Prioritization of Blood During GAS |
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Definition
Heart (oxygenation)
Brain (focus, etc.)
Muscles (run/fight) |
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Term
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Primary: hemorrhage
Secondary: normal bp |
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Definition
H--> loss of blood volume--> baroreceptors--> JG cells--> renin--> angiotensinogen to angiotensin (AT) I--> lungs: ACE converts AT I to AT II--> adrenal cortex--> aldosterone--> sodium (and therefore water) reabsorption--> normal blood volume--> NBP
AND
AT II--> systemic arteriole vasoconstriction--> increased blood pressure--> NBP |
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Term
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Definition
i.e. nor/epinephrine, released from the adrenal medulla during stress
increase heart rate, and vasoconstrict |
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Term
| Clinical manifestation of ADH release |
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Definition
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Term
| Three Patterns of Stressors (w/ examples) |
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Definition
Acute (severe hemorrhage)
Chronic intermittent (recurrent ear infection)
Chronic sustained (DM I) |
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Term
| 7 contributors to adaptive capacity |
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Definition
N-GRAPHS
Nutrition (eat better, adapt better)
Genetics/Age
Rate of need development (sudden: less chance for adaptation vs. gradual)
Anatomic reserve (number of kidneys, lungs)
Psychosocial factors (support system is good for adaptation)
Hardiness
Sleep |
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