Term
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Definition
| an increase in cell size and tissue mass |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in cell number |
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Term
| What are the five types of Hyperplasia? |
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Definition
- Compensatory
- Hormonal
- Pathalogic
- Physiologic
- Non-Physiologic
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Term
| Dysplasia or Atypical Hyperplasia |
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Definition
| Abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and appearance. May be found adjacent to cancer cells. Minor dysplasia associated with chronic inflammation/irritation. |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of one cell type to another usually caused by chronic inflammation/irritation and can be reversed if the irritant is removed. Continued exposure could predispose cellular neoplastic (cancer) transformation |
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Term
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Definition
| growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated and autonomous lacking regulatory controls governing cellular growth and division |
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Term
| List the three types of somatic death |
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Definition
1) algor mortis
2) livor mortis
3) rigor mortis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gravitational pooling of blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| List the six causes of cellular injury. |
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Definition
1) Hypoxia
2) Physical agents
3) Chemical agents and Drugs
4) Biologic agents
5) Ionizing Radiation
6) Nutritional Imbalances |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen deprivation resulting in interruption of oxidative metabolism and generation of ATP. |
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Term
| Define how Physical Agents result in cellular injury. |
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Definition
| cell and tissue injury from mechanical forces, temperature extremes, and electrical injuries. |
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Term
| Define how Chemical Agents and Drugs result in cellular injury. |
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Definition
| There are many chemical agents found in the environment. Drugs like ethylene alcohol (ETOH), prescription, over the counter meds, and street drugs can be injurous to cells and tissues. |
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Term
| Define how Biologic Agents result in cellular injury. |
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Definition
| Virus', bacteria, and parasites can replicate and continue tissue disruption. |
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Term
| Define how Ionizing Radiation results in cellular injury. |
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Definition
| Can cause ionization of atoms or molecules in the cell, directly hit target molecules in the cell or aid in the production of free radicals that interact with critical cell function. |
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Term
| Define how Nutritional Imbalances result in cellular injury. |
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Definition
| Excess and deficiencies predispose the cells to injury. |
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Term
| List the mechanisms of cellular injury |
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Definition
| Depletion of ATP (usually from hypoxia or chemical cellular injury), and Free Radical injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Unstable chemical species with an unpaired electron in the outer orbit. They cause a wide range of effects including lipid perioxidation, oxidative modification of proteins, and DNA effects. Free radical scavengers include Vitamins E, A, and C. |
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Term
| List and define the two types of cellular death. |
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Definition
1) Necrosis: cell death in an organ or tissue that is still part of a living person
2) Apoptosis: "cell suicide". Eliminating cells that are worn out, in excess, have developed improperly, or have genetic damage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Such as the liquid exudates from the center of an abscess. |
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Term
|
Definition
Gray, firm mass.
-Caseous: a form of coagulative necrosis with a distinctive "cheese-like center." This cheesy material is from fat-like infiltrate. |
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Term
|
Definition
A considerable amount of tissue death.
-Dry
-Wet
-Gas Gangrene |
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Term
|
Definition
| Usually from an interference of arterial blood flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| An interference of venous return. (a form of liquefactive necrosis) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Results in a form of infection of already devitalized tissues or from Clostridium bacterium. |
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Term
| List and define the two types of cellular aging. |
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Definition
1) Programmed change: genetic related
2) Error theories: environmental or random damage to cells. |
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Term
| List some local responses to inflammation. |
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Definition
| Redness, edema, heat, pain. |
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Term
| List some systemic responses to inflammation. |
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Definition
| Fever, leukocytosis, malaise (fatigue). |
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Term
| List the three chemical mediators of inflammatory response. |
|
Definition
1) Mast cell degranulation
2) Mast cell synthesis
3) Plasma proteases. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Process lasts from a few minutes to a few days. Usually resolves with little or no scarring, and appears with both local and systemic manifestations. |
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Term
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Definition
| May last for weeks, months, or years (usually with exacerbation/remission). Most symptoms are localized. Granuloma formation is usually associated with a foreign body (dense connective tissue encapsulates the lesion). |
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Term
| The vascular phase of inflammation involves what two things? |
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Definition
-Vasoconstriction
-Vasodilation to carry away debris |
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Term
| The cellular phase of inflammation involves what four things? |
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Definition
1) margination
2) emigration
3) chemotaxis
4) phagocytosis |
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Term
| Define Margination as it results to the cellular phase of inflammation. |
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Definition
| The process by which leukocytes slow their movement and bring edges together so that the cells line up. |
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Term
| Define Emigration as it results to the cellular phase of inflammation. |
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Definition
| Leukocytes change shape and squeeze through interendothelial junctions into and out of the tissue. |
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Term
| Define Chemotaxis as it results to the cellular phase of inflammation. |
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Definition
| Movement in response to a chemical signal. |
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Term
| Define Phagocytosis as it results to the cellular phase of inflammation. |
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Definition
| Elimination by eating of injurious tissues and cells. |
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Term
| What are the four types of hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
Type 1 Immediate (allergic)
Type 2 Antibody Mediated (cytoxic)
Type 3 Immune complex mediated (immune complex reaction)
Type 4 Cell mediated (delayed hypersensitivity) |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of Type 1 Immediate hypersensitivity and give some examples. |
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Definition
IgE mediated
Antigen reacts to IgE on mast cells leading to hystamine being released
Examples: food allergy, seasonal rhinitis |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of Type 2 Antibody Mediated hypersensitivity and give some examples. |
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Definition
IgM or IgG mediated
IgG's react with antigen leading to complement activation causing lysis of the cell
Examples: drug reactions, hemolytic reactions |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of Type 3 Immune Complex Mediated hypersensitivity and give some examples. |
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Definition
IgM or IgG mediated
IG's bind with antigen forming Ab/Ag complex. Complex is deposited in tissues and the inflammatory response is initiated.
Examples: Autoimmune diseases such as Lupus and Rheumatoid arthritis |
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Term
| Describe the characteristics of Type 4 Cell Mediated hypersensitivity and give some examples. |
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Definition
T-lymphocyte mediated
Exposure to previously sensitized antigens, T-cells release lymphokines leading to cell lysis.
Examples: TB test, contact dermatitis |
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Term
|
Definition
| body is unable to distinguish self from foreign |
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Term
| What are the three mechanisms of Autoimmune diseases? |
|
Definition
1) Genetics
2) Chemical/Biological Triggers
3) Abnormal immune cells |
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Term
| What are some examples of systemic Autoimmune diseases? |
|
Definition
Systemic Lupus
Rheumatoid Arthritis |
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Term
| What are some examples of Blood Autoimmune diseases? |
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Definition
| Autoimmune hemolytic anemia |
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Term
| What are some examples of "Other Organ" Autoimmune diseases? |
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Definition
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Goodpasture's Syndrome
Myasthenia Gravis |
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Term
| Transplantation Immunopathy |
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Definition
| The advent of organ and tissue transplantation has created a need or immunosuppressive drugs to counteract organ and tissue rejection. |
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Term
| Host versus Graft disease (HVGD) |
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Definition
| Recipient cells attack donor cells |
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Term
| Graft versus Host disease (GVHD) |
|
Definition
| Immunologically competent cells that are transplanted into a immunocompromised host. |
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Term
| What are the two types of Immunodeficiencies? |
|
Definition
Congenital (Primary)
Acquired Immunodeficiency (Secondary) |
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Term
| What are the two types of Congenital Immunodeficiencies? |
|
Definition
-Altered B cell (Humoral) Immunity: Decreased B and plasma cells; T's normal. Treatment: Gamma globulin injections
-Altered T cell (Cell mediated) Immunity: Lymphocyte count is normal but all B's or T cells are dysfunctional. Treatment: fetal thymus graft |
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Term
| Describe the tests involved in the diagnosis of HIV. |
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Definition
| First, the ELISA test is performed. If test detects antibody, it is repeated. If the second test is positive, a Western Blot test is performed. If that detects the virus, the HIV infection is confirmed. |
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Term
| What type of infections account for the majority of deaths from AIDS? |
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Definition
Opportunistic infections.
Examples: Respiratory tract infections, Gastrointestinal Infections, Nervous system infections, Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia, Thrush, cytomegalo virus. |
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Term
| Kaposi Sarcoma presents itself in a patient with AIDS. What is this called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What types of treatment are available for people living with AIDS? |
|
Definition
| Drugs: prevent viral replication and improve immune function. |
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Term
| Where do stem cells reside? How do they activate? |
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Definition
| In the bone marrow and are activated by "stem cell factor". |
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Term
| Name and describe the two types of stem cells. |
|
Definition
1) Adult (Human) stem cells: using an individual's own stem cells would eliminate the problem of transplant rejection. Daughter stem cells from bone marrow are thought to reside in tissues and organs to maintain and repair as needed.
2) Embryonic stem cells: in vitro fertilized embryos have stem cells extracted at 4-5 days old. Can produce large numbers of cells through culture. Using these for transplantation produces a risk for transplant rejection. |
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Term
| How are stem cells obtained? |
|
Definition
| By biopsy, usually the iliac crest or umbilical cord blood. |
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Term
| A tissue match between recipient and donor must happen before transplantation of stem cells. How many antigens must match? |
|
Definition
| 3/6 HLA antigens must match between donor and recipient. |
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