Term
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Definition
glucagon: gets glucose into the blood
-alpha cells, islets of langerhans
-catabolic (breakdown) action
insulin: gets glucose into the cells
-beta cells, islets of langerhans
-anabolic (buildup) action
-effects of CHO, protein, lipid, and K+ |
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Term
consequences of insulin excess |
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Definition
insulin blocks liver glucose output and increases cellular uptake of glucose-depletion of serum glucose-release of epinephrin
-systemic effects of excess epinephrin:
anxiety, tremors, tachycardia, sweating, weakness
glucose deprivation to the brain-insulin shock |
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Term
insulin deprivation of CHO metabolism |
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Definition
increase in serum glucose
glucose overloads kidneys
glycosuria, polyuria, polydypsia |
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Term
consequences of insulin deprivation of fatty acid |
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Definition
-lipolysis stimulated
-formation of acetoacetic acid
-formation of ketone bodies-because glucose is not being regulated
-ketoaciduria(ketonuria)
-ketoacidosis-->kussmaul breathing, fuity breath, coma, death |
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Term
consequences of insulin deprivation of lipid and protein metabolism |
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Definition
loss of calories: weight loss
compensatory effect: polyphagia (from cell starvation) |
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Term
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Definition
insulin lack leading to increased serum glucose > 200
fasting plasma glucose test (FPGT) >126 diabetes
oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) >199 diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
kidney tubules reabsorb glucose
-blood glucose levels reach 180mg%
-glucose begins to spill: glycosuria
-glucose-induced diuresis: polyuria
-thirst centers activated: polydipsia
effects on protein metabolism:
increased protein metabolism
-increased amino acid blood levels
-hyperglycemia aggravated-the liver tries to use extra amino acids to make glucose
-also: muscle weakness and weight loss
effects on lipid metabolism
-lipolysis stimutated
-increased blood fatty acids and glycerol
-glycerol converted into glucose
-also: accumulation of ketone bodies: ketonemia
effects of potassium metabolism(utilization of)
-decreased cellular uptake of K+
-increased plasma K+: hyperkalemia
-K+ may be normal if lost in polyuria
problem:
-infusion of saline to replace volume lost
-administration of insulin
-severe hypokalemia (may be lethal)- a large rebound response when trying to normalize |
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Term
diabetes mellitus:
clinical manifestations |
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Definition
diabetic angiopathy
-macroangiopathy
-microangiopathy-cappilaries-retiniopathy
diabetic neuropathy-altered nervous sensations
diabetic nephropathy |
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Term
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Definition
-beta cells in pancreas destroyed of suppressed-failure to release insulin
-immune-related destruction of beta cells
-idiopathic-no immune system markers
-by the time disease expresses, 80% of beta cells are gone |
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Term
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Definition
most prevalent type- >10x's higher than type I
-obesity
-lack of physical activity
-history of gestational diabetes
-HTN or dyslipidemia
-strong family Hx of diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
occurs during pregnancy-increased levels of estrogen and placental hormones--antagonize insulin
-may result from weight gain
-glucose tolerance usually returns to normal after delivery |
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