Term
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Definition
| retrovirus- carried in RNA rather than DNA. HIV1 and HIV2. Decreased CD4 + T cells and CD4 + T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells become infected. |
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Term
| Steps in Replication of HIV |
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Definition
1. Binding of the virus to the CD4+T cell
2. Internalization of the virus
3. DNA synthesis
4. Integration
5. Transcription
6. Translation of mRNA
7. Cleavage
8. Protein and virual RNA assemble into a new HIV virus and are released. |
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Term
| When does replication occur |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the infection systemic |
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Definition
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Term
| By day 10 after infection |
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Definition
| most circulating CD4 + T cells have either been infected... or interacting with HIV |
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Term
| Massive viral replication occurs... high levels of viremia and genital shedding |
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Definition
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Term
| changes in the lymphoid organs |
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Definition
| Macrophages and dendritic cells die |
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Term
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Definition
| but do not protect against HIV |
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Term
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Definition
Cell-mediated immunity
Cytoxic CD8 + T cells and NK cells destroy virus foreign antigens. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phagocytic function of monocytes and macrophages are influenced by CD4 cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| CD4 + T stage undetermined |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fever, fatigue, myalgias, sore throat, night sweats, GI problems, lymphadenopathy, rash, and HA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
B-Cell deficiencies
1g deficiencies
T-cell deficiencies
Combined immunodefiencies |
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Term
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Definition
| Signs of systemic infection |
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Term
| Primary infection phase (Seroconversion) |
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Definition
| immune system responds and antibodies against HIV appear (1-6 months) |
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Term
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Definition
Virus is replicating
CD4 T- cell count gradually falls
May last 10 years or longer |
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Term
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Definition
| CD4 T-Cell count <200 cells/L or AIDS-defining illness |
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Term
| Chronic or typical progressors |
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Definition
| in the absense of tx. in 7-10 years from HIV to AIDS |
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Term
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Definition
| develop AIDS within 2-3 years after primary infection |
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Term
| Long term non-progressors |
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Definition
| asymptomatic for 10 years or more... with stable CD4 T cells counts |
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Term
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Definition
| subest of the long term non-progressors... have RNA levels below the level of detection |
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Term
| Oppportunistic infections- respiratory |
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Definition
P. jiroveci Pneumonia (Formerly known as Pneumocystic carinii pneumonia (PCP))
Bacterial pneumonia
Pulmonary TB
Kaposi sarcoma can occur in the lungs |
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Term
| HIV Neurocognitive disorders (HANDS) |
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Definition
| Dementia a syndrome of cognitive impairment with motor dysfunction and or bahavorial/psychological symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
| Malignancy of the endothelial cells that line small blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| GI opportunistic infections |
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Definition
Esophageal candidiasis (thrush)
CMV infection ?
Herpes simplex virus
Cryptosporidium parvum ? |
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Term
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Definition
| Parasite that affects the CNS |
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Term
| Progressive multifocal leukoencehalopathy (PML) |
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Definition
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Term
| Cervical carcinoma and Anal carcinoma |
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Definition
| High human papillomavirus infection in person with AIDS |
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Term
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Definition
* Involuntary weight loss of > or equal to 10% of baseline weight along with diarrhea
Chronic weakness
Fever |
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Term
| Normal Cell Proliferation |
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Definition
1. Regulated
2. controlled
3. Proligeration
4. Differentiation (specialization) |
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Term
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Definition
* Neurons and cardiac cells
* These don't divide and reproduce |
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Term
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Definition
Epithelial lining of GI tract
in a state of constant renewal |
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Term
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Definition
Liver
Capable of rapid renewal after tissue loss |
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Term
| Progenitor or parent cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Transformation into more specialized cells |
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Definition
The more specialized the less mitosis
Neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| well differentiated, but lost control ofcell |
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Term
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Definition
| Lost control of cell proliferation and differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
* resemble cells of origin
* slow progrssive rate of growth
* Lost ability to suppress genetic program for cell proliferation
* Retained the program for normal cell differentiation
* Grows by expansion
* Does not infiltrate... has a fibrous capsule |
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Term
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Definition
*Grows rapidly... invades and infiltrates
*Lacks well defined capsule
*Margins not clearly separated
*May outgrow blood supply
*May secrete cytokines, liberate enzymes, and toxins and induce inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| Transformation of good cell to cancer |
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Term
| Genes controlling cell growth and replication |
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Definition
Proto-oncogene
Tumor suppressor genes
Genes that control apoptosis
Genes that regulate repain of damaged DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Extent to which the tumor cells resembles the forbearers |
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Term
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Definition
chromosome abnormality
Aneuploidy- abnormal # of chromosomes
Chromosomes may be structually abnormal
Insertions, deletions, and aplifications |
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Term
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Definition
* Some cancers produe their own growth factors
* Lack of cohesiveness and adhevsiveness
* Loss of cell surface adhesiveness
* Premits shedding
*Anchorage independence
*Viable without normal attachments
*Immortality
*Unlimited life span |
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Term
| Functional Features of tumor cell |
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Definition
Functions more primitively
essential survival and proliferation
May acquire new features
revert to early stage of gene suppression
May elaborate fetal antigens
markers of pressense, regression, or growth
Engage in abnormal production of substances that affect body function |
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Term
Procoagulant materials
Engaging in horomone syntheresis
Called paraneoplastic syndromes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Initiation- exposure
Promotion- unregulate fast growth
Progression- phenotype of tumor |
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Term
| Immune surveillance hypothesis |
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Definition
| immune system plays a central role in resistence against the development of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| recognise tumor antigens are expressed by tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| can be recognised by immune T cells or by antibodies |
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Term
| T and B Lymphocytes,NK, and macrophages |
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Definition
| have the potential to kill cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the most important host responses |
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Term
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Definition
CD4 helper T cells
CD8 cytotoxic T cells |
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Term
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Definition
there are tumor reactive antibodies in persons with cancer
Antibodies kill cancer or bind the cells to another cell (NK) that kills it |
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Term
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Definition
suffix -oma added to the parenchmal tissue type from which the growth orgionated
(Adenoma and Fibroma) |
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Term
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Definition
Cancers are called tumors or neoplasms
Carcinoma... designates a malignant tumor ?????????? |
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Term
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Definition
| closer the tumor cells resemble normal... the lower the grade |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Determinethe extend and spread of the disease
Varies with different organs and includes size ofthe tumor, extent of local growth, lymph node involvement and distant metastasis |
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Term
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Definition
T1, T2, T3, T4, describe the increasing size of the primary tumor
N1, N2, N3, N$, advancing node involvement
M- or M1... absence or presence of metastasis |
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Term
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Definition
Cancers are divided into stages 0-IV
Incorporates the primary lesions
Incorporates the presence of nodal spread and distant metastasis |
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Term
| Breast cancer- hereditary |
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Definition
| 5% to 10% Autosomal dominant- mutant gene are born with one normal and one mutant |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mass,Skin puckering, Nipple retraction, Unusual discharge |
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Term
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Definition
Mammogram
Physical exam- after 40 years annual
Ultrasonography
Percutaneous needle aspiration
Stereotactive needle biopsy (core biopsy
Excisional biopsy |
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Term
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Definition
| Surgery,Chemo, Radiation, Hormonal manipulation, Adjuvant systemic therapy |
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Term
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Definition
cells damage when absorbed into tissue
Give up energy by producing fast moving electrons... which interact with absorber cells... producing free radicals |
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Term
| Radiation Beneficial Effects |
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Definition
Rapidly dividing cells are more likely to be injured by radiation than more slowly dividing
Does affect all cells |
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Term
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Definition
Infection- neutropenia
Bleeding- thrombocytopenia
Anemia- loss of all cells
N/V |
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Term
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Definition
Avoiding large crowds and sick
Medications |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
cancer of hematopoietic stem cells
Acute leukemia-sudden onset
- diffuse replacement of bone marrow with unregulated proliferating immature neoplastiv cells
Leukemic cells may infiltrate the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and other body tissues |
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Term
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Definition
s/s
* Bone marroe depression
* Bone pain
* bleeding
* HA, N/V, papilledema, seizures
* Abd. discomfort
* Susceptibility to infections
* Hematologic abnormalities
* hyperuricermia |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Pathologic basis (leukemia) |
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Definition
* Anemia
* Bone infilitration, expansion, and resoption
* Decreased thrombocytes
* Leukemic infilitration of CNS
* Lymphadenopathy hepatomegaly, splenomegaly due to leukemic cell infiltration
* Encroachment of leukemia cells on red blood cell and thrombocyte precursors |
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Term
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Definition
Classified as acute and chronic lymphocytes or myelogenous leukemia (according to their lineage)
Proliferate rapidly
Have a long life span
Don't fuction normally
interfere with the maturation of normal blood cells
Cross the blood brain barrier |
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Term
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Definition
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils |
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Term
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Definition
| primary pathogen-fighting cells |
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Term
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Definition
| help control allergic responses; fight parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| release heparin, histamine, and other inflammatory mediators |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| control immune response, cell mediated immunity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| antigen-presenting cells; create inflammatory mediators |
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Term
| Common myeloid stem cells- committed precursor cells |
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Definition
| platelets, monocytes and granular leukocytes, erythocytes |
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Term
| Common lymphoid stem cells- commited percursor cells |
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Definition
| T-lymphocytes, NK cells, B lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
Common lymphoid stem cells
Common myeloid stem cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The denser the population |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Malignant neoplasms of hematopoietic cells
In bone marroe
Create abnormal wbc
lymphocytic
myelogenous |
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Term
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Definition
Mutation of myeloid cell line
Overproduction of abnormal monocytes or granulocytes
Production of other cell types decreases |
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Term
| neoplastic myeloid stem cells |
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Definition
neoplastic committed precursor cells
abnormal monocytes or granular leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
mutation of lymphoid cell line
Overproduction of abnormal immune cells
Production of other cell types decreases |
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Term
| neolplastic lymphoid stem cells |
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Definition
neoplastic commitied percursor cells
neoplastic B or T lymphocytes or natural killer cells |
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Term
| How Bone pain and risk of fratures be caused? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Malignant B cells invade lymphoid organs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Abnormal B cells
Can form tumors
Produce abnormal antibodies
Immune depression
Proteins increase blood viscosity
infiltrate organs
Proliferation of osteoclasts
Break down bone |
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