Term
| which hormones are lipid soluble |
|
Definition
| cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol, testosterone, T3, T4 |
|
|
Term
| which hormones are water soluble |
|
Definition
| insulin, pth, acth, glucagon, tsh, lh, fsh, epi/norepi |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of endocrine disease are.. |
|
Definition
| hormone DEFICIENCY, hormone EXCESS, receptor cell resistance |
|
|
Term
| where is the pituitary gland located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what events stimulate GH release? |
|
Definition
| GHRH, hypoglycemia, fasting, starvation, exercise, ADH, dopamine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased protein synthesis, less glucose uptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased protein and RNA synthesis, increased gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| effect of GH on bones, heart, lungs? |
|
Definition
| increased protein synthesis, increase in cell size and # |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased lipolysis, lowered glucose uptake |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| milk production and breast development |
|
|
Term
| what stimulates PRL release? |
|
Definition
| estrogen of pregnancy, breast feeding, sleep, stress, TRH |
|
|
Term
| follicle stimulating hormone |
|
Definition
| stimulates growth of graffian follicles to maturation, spermatogenesis in males |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exercise, insulin, diuretic, stroke, hemorrhage, CHF, DM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does milk letdown, uterine contractions,postpartum clotting + feedback |
|
|
Term
| hypopituitarism is caused by.. |
|
Definition
| pituitary tumors, necrosis, autoimmune disease, other random diseases ( |
|
|
Term
| order of hormones lost in hypo pituitary |
|
Definition
| growth hormone --> gonadotropins --> TSH, ATCH |
|
|
Term
| lack of lutenizing hormone and fsh? |
|
Definition
delayed puberty
premenopausal women = amenorrhea, low libido, infertility
men = ED, testicular atrophy, low libido, infertility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypothyroidism, facial puffiness, hoarse voice, bradycardia, cold intolerance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fatigue, hypotension, intolerance to stress/infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can cause hypopotuitarism, appetite changes |
|
|
Term
| pituitary necrosis from hypovolemia postpartum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lactation wono't start, fatigue, loss of pubic/axillary hair |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hemorrhagic infarction of pituitary gland/tumor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HA, stiff neck, fever, oculomotor palsies, visual field defects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is gigantism/acromeagly diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 types of pituitary tumors? |
|
Definition
| pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma, meningioma |
|
|
Term
| excess hormone produced by pituitary adenoma can produce... |
|
Definition
| acromeagly, cushings, hyperprolactinemia |
|
|
Term
| most common pituitary tumor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypersecretion of growth hormone = gigantism, acromeagly |
|
|
Term
| symptoms of prolactinoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypersecretion of ACTH, cushings dx |
|
|
Term
| deficiency of ADH due to hypothalamic pituitary disorder or resistance to ADH by kidney |
|
Definition
| central diabetes insipidus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increases release of ADH, hyponatriemia, HA, nausea, vomiting, extremely concentrated urine |
|
|
Term
| alterations in levels of binding proteins affect... |
|
Definition
| total T3, T4 - not free T3, T4 |
|
|
Term
| what causes grave's disease? |
|
Definition
| autoantibiody against TSH receptor @ thyroid |
|
|
Term
| nodules in the thyroid are secreting hormone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| types of primary hypothyroid disorder |
|
Definition
| congenital, hashimoto's, iodine deficiency, thyroidectomy |
|
|
Term
| if congenital hypothyroidism is not treated, this leads to... |
|
Definition
| cretinism (jaundice, hoarse cry, feeding probs, short, facial abnormality) |
|
|
Term
| what do excess glucocorticoids cause? |
|
Definition
| striae, osteoperosis, weakened muscles, emotional liability |
|
|
Term
| ACTH hyperfunction may come from.. |
|
Definition
pituitary hypersecretion
secretion of ACTH from nonpituitary tumor
administration |
|
|
Term
| electrolyte patterns in cushings? |
|
Definition
high Na
high glucose
low K+
reduced blood eosinophils
no cortisol diurnal variation |
|
|
Term
| how to diagnose cushings? |
|
Definition
| dexamethasone supression test |
|
|
Term
| excessive production of aldosterone bc of a renal tumor |
|
Definition
| conn's disease (primary hyperaldosteronism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hirstutism, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance, elevated LH, obesity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| birth control, corticosteroids, spirinolactone, metformin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| severe HA, diaphoresis, tachycardia, palpitations, extreme HTN |
|
|
Term
| disease of the adrenal cortex characterized by levels of high ACTH |
|
Definition
| PRIMARY adrenal insufficiency (Addison's) |
|
|
Term
| deficient secretion of ACTH from pituitary, low levels of ACTH |
|
Definition
| secondary adrenal insifficiency |
|
|
Term
| deficient secretion of ACTH from pituitary, low levels of ACTH |
|
Definition
| secondary adrenal insifficiency |
|
|
Term
| most common cause of Addison's dx? |
|
Definition
| autoimmune destruction of adrenal glands |
|
|
Term
| what are causes of secondary adrenal insufficiency? |
|
Definition
problem wtih the pituitary/hypothalamus
sudden withdrawl of corticosteroid meds** |
|
|
Term
| weakness, fatigue, cortisol/aldosterone/androven deficiency, hyperpigmentation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what fluid, electrolyte disturbances happen wtih addison's? |
|
Definition
| hyperkalemia, hyponatriemia, hypovolemia, metabolic acidosis |
|
|
Term
| what are hormones that raise blood glucose |
|
Definition
glucagon
epi
glucocorticoids
growth hormone |
|
|
Term
| renal threshold for glucose filtration? |
|
Definition
| 160-180, after this you pee it off |
|
|
Term
| what triggers type 1 diabettes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, excessive hepatic glucose production - strong familial pattern, defective receptors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia (bc it can't be used), glucose intolerance (high blood sugar) |
|
|
Term
| impaired glucose tolerance |
|
Definition
abnormality on glucose tolerance test, but don't meet DM criteria
precursor to DM, usually asx |
|
|
Term
| fasting glucose of 110-127 |
|
Definition
| impaired glucose tolerance |
|
|
Term
| normal fasting plasma glucose level = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diabetic fasting glucose level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 ways to diagnose DM? |
|
Definition
-classic symptoms + random glucose >200
-fasting glucose >126
-2h glucose tolerance test w blood glucose 200 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
within few days/weeks
sx of 3Ps |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| negative caloric balance - wt loss, fatigue, polyphagia |
|
|
Term
| what should hemoglobin A1-C level be for diabetic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is major side effect of biguanide? what does this med do? |
|
Definition
| lactic acidosis; it supresses hepatic glucose release, enhances insulin sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state |
|
Definition
more gradual onset than DKA
more severe hyperglycemia
more severe hyperosmolality (AMS, dehydration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| glucose below 50; usually caused by too much insulin; too little food; lots of activity |
|
|
Term
| what kind of microvascular problems can DM cause? |
|
Definition
| renal artery microansurysms, retinal hemorrhage, neovascularizattion, retinal scaring, renal disease (decreased GFR) |
|
|
Term
| what level shuold serum Ca normally be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| raise plasma Ca concentrations --> increasing bone breakdown, renal reabsorbtion, GI absorbtion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lowers blood Ca levels - inhibits osteoclasts, inhibits Ca reabsorbtion in GI/kidney |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when blood calcium levels rise, phosphate levels_____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vitamin D will ____ serum Ca levels |
|
Definition
| increase (acts on bone, GI, renal) |
|
|
Term
| hyperparathyroidism results in.... |
|
Definition
high serum Ca levels
renal stones |
|
|
Term
| secondary hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
due to hypo Ca of chronic renal disease
low serum Ca and PO4
high PTH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low PTH --> hypocalcemia
low serum Ca, high phosphate
tetany
chvostek's, trosseau's
brittleness of skin
give supplemental Ca + vitD |
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|
