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Patho Quiz 3
Blood
251
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
02/22/2012

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Cards

Term
Most abundant plasma protein
Definition
Albumin
Term
Plasma protein which helps maintai the plasma osmotic pressure nad blood volume
Definition
Albumin
Term
Bind insoluble hormones and other plasma constituents and make them soluble
Definition
globulins
Term
Fibronogen is an important element in:
Definition
blood clotting
Term
Hematopoiesis
Definition
Formation of blood cells
Term
Where are red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets formed in a fetus?
Definition
liver and spleen
Term
Where are red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets formed after birth?
Definition
bone marrow
Term
The source of all blood cells
Definition
stem cells
Term
Hematopoietic growth factors specific to the line of cells they stimulate are called...
Definition
colony-stimulating factors
Term
Erythropoietin
Definition
Hormone produced by the kidney in response to low O2 concentration in the blood
Term
Lifespan of RBC
Definition
~120 days
Term
immature red blood cells
Definition
reticulocytes
Term
Elevated levels of circulatin reticulocytes are suggestive of...
Definition
certain types of anemia
Term
Hematocrit
Definition

percentage of blood taken up by RBCs

 

usually 36% - 52%

Term
Hemoglobin content of one RBC (% and ~count)
Definition
90% of dry cell weight /  ~300 hemeglobin molecules
Term
oxyhemoglobin
Definition
hemoglobin carrying oxygen
Term
Feedback Control of Erythropoiesis
Definition
  • Imbalance
  • Stimulus
  • Reduces O2 levels in blood
  • Kidney releases erythropoietin
  • Erythropoietin stimulates red bone marrow
  • Enhanced erythropoiesis increases RBC count
  • Increases O2-carrying ability of blood
  • Normal O2 levels
Term
What are 3 stimulae of the feedback control of erythropoiesis?
Definition
  • Hypoxia due to decreased RBC count
  • Decreased availability of O2 to blood
  • Increased tissue demands for O2
Term
Do RBCs have oxidative capacity?
Definition
No
Term
What fuels RBCs
Definition
Glucose
Term
Cells myeloid produces (lineage)
Definition
  • RBCs
  • thrombocytes (platelets)
  • neutrophil
  • eosinophil
  • basophil (mast cell)
  • monocytes (macrophage)

 

Term
Cells lymphoid produce (lineage)
Definition
  • T cell
  • B cell
  • NK Cells
Term
Glycoprotein produced by the parietal cells of the stomach
Definition
Intrinsic Factor
Term
Intrinsic factor is necessary for absorption of what?
Definition
Vitamin B12
Term
How does intrinsic factor work?
Definition
It binds to B12 to protect it from gastric enzyimes
Term
What decreases intrinsic factor?
Definition
Autoimmune attack of the parietal cells by Abs, leading to atrophic gastritis
Term
Why can't Fe circulate freely, unbound?
Definition
Free iron recycled from RBCs causes the generation of O2 free radicals, which damage cells.
Term
How is Fe transported in the blood?
Definition
Transferrin
Term
What is Fe bound with in the liver?
Definition
Ferritin
Term
Average lifespan of a RBC
Definition
~120 days
Term
Average lifespan of a platelet
Definition

10 days

 

Then destroyed by macrophages (platelets have no HLA/MHC markers)

Term
Major reserve for RBCs and platelets
Definition
Spleen
Term
4 Phases of Hemostasis
Definition
  • Vasoconstriction
  • Platelet Plug Formation
  • Activation of Clotting Cascade
  • Formation of a Blood Clot
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition

Hemostasis (1)

 

initial response results from local myogenic spasm and may last minutes to hours

Term
Platelet plug formation
Definition

Hemostasis (2)

 

Usually lasts 3-7 minutes. Platelets adhere to endothelial collagen exposed by injury but aggregate at the side of vessel injury also.

Term
Activatio of the clotting cascade
Definition

Hemostasis (3)

 

Formation of fibrin clot (coagulation). Clotting factors are activated via teh intrinsic or extrinsic pathway. Precipitate in a series of events that catalyze or facilitate the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Process takes 3-10 minutes.

Term
Formation of a blood clot
Definition

Hemostasis (4)

 

Occurs when the components of the fibrin clot (platelet plug, fibrin strands and trapped red blood cells) are compressed to form a firm clot.

 

Usually takes about one hour

Term
Where do the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways converge?
Definition
 Factor X -  Factor Xa
Term
What four important blood clotting factors are produced by the liver?
Definition

Vitamin K dependant clotting factors:

 

  • 2
  • 7
  • 9
  • 10

 

Term
How do you assess the intrinsic clotting pathway?
Definition
PTT (partial thromboplastin time)
Term
What does PTT stand for?
Definition
Partial Thromboplasm Time
Term
Which factors does the intrinsic pathway involve?
Definition
  • VIII
  • IX
Term
Is the intrinsic pathway fast or slow?
Definition
Slow
Term
How do you assess the extrinsic pathway?
Definition
PT
Term
What does PT stand for?
Definition
Prothrombin Time
Term
How is damange caused in the extrinsic pathway?
Definition
Sources external to the blood
Term
Is the extrinisic pathway fast or slow?
Definition
Fast (clots form in 15 seconds)
Term
Activation of the intrinsic pathway is caused by?
Definition
Contact with damaged blood vessel surface
Term
Activation of the extrinsic pathway is caused by?
Definition
Damaged tissue
Term
What is the end result of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways?
Definition
Fibrine Clot
Term
Once a clot is no longer needed, it is broken down through what process?
Definition
Fibrinolysis
Term
What is the end product of fibrinolysis?
Definition
  • Fibrin Degradation Products (FDPs)
  • Fibrinogen
Term
How are FDPs cleared?
Definition
By liver macrophages (Kupfer cells) and spleen macrophages
Term
A balance between ______ and _____ creates normal hemostasis
Definition
  • Coagulation
  • Fibrinolysis
Term
After RBCs die, what happens to heme?
Definition
Heme is converted to bilirubin, then it is taken to the liver for conjugation. It is then disposed of primarily in the feces and secondarily in the urine.
Term
Where does conjugation take place?
Definition
Liver
Term
How is bilirubin excreted?
Definition
  • Feces (primary)
  • Urine (secondary)
Term
After RBCs die, what happens to Fe?
Definition
It is released for recycling
Term
The spleen is the site of RBC _______ in the fetus.
Definition
Synthesis
Term
The spleen is the site of RBC ______ in the adult.
Definition
Clearance
Term
White and red pulp sinuses of the _____ act as a strainer to selectively lyse out old RBCs
Definition
Spleen
Term
The spleen can hold about _____ of blood for time of need
Definition
200 cc
Term
Asplenic individuals are at greater risk for what?
Definition
Infection
Term
Does the spleen contain WBCs
Definition
yes
Term
Where are all blood clotting factors produced?
Definition
Liver
Term
How does the liver store iron for hemoglobin?
Definition
ferritin
Term

large quantities of whole blood can be stored in the liver and squeezed out similar to that of the spleen.

 

(other side blank)

Definition
(blank on purpose)
Term

liver converts (conjugates) bilirubin (making it more water soluble) and places it in the GI tract for elimination.

 

(other side blank)

Definition
(blank on purpose)
Term
Vitamin-K dependant blood clotting factors
Definition
  • 2
  • 7
  • 9
  • 10
Term
Blood can be stored in what organs for use in times of need?
Definition
  • spleen
  • liver
Term
Conjugation is dependant upon the _____ of the liver.
Definition
health
Term
How does the liver store Fe?
Definition
ferritin
Term
At PaO2 of 80-100 mmHg, what is true about Hgb saturation?
Definition
It is nearly 100% and ensures proper delivery of O2 to the tissues
Term
At PaO2 of 40 mmHg, what is probably true about Hgb saturation?
Definition
It is beginning to fall reflecting venous blood. A small change in PaO2 at this point reflects a large change in saturation
Term
What happens when PaO2 drops belos 60 mmHg?
Definition
Affinity of Hgb for O2 drops and there is a shift to the right.
Term
Increased affinity of Hgb for O2?
Definition
Left shift
Term
Decreased affinity of Hgb for O2?
Definition
right shift
Term
When is lessO2 delivered to gissues, right or left shift?
Definition
left shift
Term
left shift symptoms
Definition
  • increased affinity of Hgb for O2
  • Increased pH (decreased H+ alkalosis)
  • Increased PaO2
  • Decreased temperture
  • Decreased PaCO2
  • Decreased 2,3-DPG
Term
Right-shift symptoms
Definition
  • Decreased affinity of Hgb for O2
  • Decreased pH (incr H+, acidosis)
  • Decreased PaO2
  • Increased temp
  • Increased PaCO2
  • Increased 2,3-DPG
Term
What causes a right shift?
Definition
  • infection
  • hypoxia
  • inflammation
  • anemia
Term
What causes a left shift?
Definition
In the pulmonary capillaries where CO2 is being blown off (so Hgb holds tightly to O2 in the lungs so that it can be delivered to tissues elsewhere)
Term
Intracellular protein that stores Fe for later use
Definition
Ferritin
Term
Iron-binding blood plasma glycoproteins that control the level of free iron
Definition
Transferrin
Term
Glycoprotein produced by parietal cells of stomach that allow for B12 absorption
Definition
Intrinsic factor
Term
Desire to bind/tightness of a bond
Definition
affinity
Term
Partial pressure of O2 in the blood
Definition
PaO2
Term
Hgb that is reversibly bound with O2
Definition
Oxyhemoglobin
Term
Product of RBC metabolism. More means less affinity for O2
Definition
2,3-DPG
Term
When the liver converts bilirubin into a water-soluble form that is delivered to the GI tract for elimination
Definition
Bilirubin conjugation
Term
How is most CO2 transported?
Definition
bicarbonate
Term
hypoxemia
Definition
deficient blood oxygen (decreased PaO2, decreased Hgb saturation)
Term
hypoxia
Definition
decrease in tissue oxygenation
Term
Reduction in the total number of circulating RBCs
Definition
Anemia
Term
Decrease in the quantity and/or quality of the Hgb contained the the RBCs
Definition
Anemia
Term
Fe and porphyrin
Definition
Heme
Term
4 heme with 1 Fe per heme
Definition
Hemoglobin
Term
From which cell line are anemias linked?
Definition
Myeloid
Term
3 causes of anemia
Definition

 

·         Impaired RBC production

 

·         Blood loss

 

·         Increased RBC destruction

 

Term
Dilutional anemia (such as pregnancy)
Definition
Relative Anemia
Term
Anemia caused by actual decrease in RBCs
Definition
Absolute Anemia
Term
Which systems act in anemia compensation?
Definition
  • CV
  • Pulmonary
  • Hematological
Term
What is the goal of anemia compensation?
Definition
Increase oxygen carrying capacity of blood
Term
Method to deal with blood loss in anemia
Definition
fluid shift
Term
In fluid shift, it goes from _____ to _____ to increase fluid volume
Definition
  • Intracellular Fluid (ICF)
  • Extracellular Fluid (ECF)
Term
How does the cardiac participate in anemia compensation?
Definition
Increases preload to the heart. Starling's law kicks in to cause heart to beat faster and stronger (inotropy) to meet O2 demands of the body and to clear any pulmonary congestion.
Term
What can cardiac compensation cause?
Definition
  • CHF
  • Ventricular Dysfunction
  • Cardiac Chamber Dilation
  • Valve Insufficiency
Term
How does pulmonary compensate in anemia
Definition
Works harder and faster to oxygenate tissue. Patient may be short of breath or have dyspnea upon exertion.
Term
How does peripheral vasculature compensate in anemia?
Definition
Vasoconstrict to shunt blood to essential organs (heart, kidneys, brain, etc)
Term
How do the kidneys compensate in anemia?
Definition
RAA kicks in to help retain Na and water, to increase the volume
Term
What can be a result of kidney compensation?
Definition
Increased BP
Term
What goes wrong in iron deficiency anemia?
Definition
Without adequate Fe, new RBCs and Hgb are affected. RBCs become microcytic and hypochromic (small and without much Hgb)
Term
What do cells look like in iron deficiency anemia?
Definition
Microcytic
Term
How is Hgb affected in iron deficiency anemia?
Definition
Hypochromic
Term
In iron deficiency anemia, what would the CBC show?
Definition
  • Hemoglobin (Hb)—may be normal early in the disease but will decrease as anemia worsens
  • Red blood cell indices—early on, the RBCs may be a normal size and color (normocytic, normochromic) but as the anemia progresses, the RBCs become smaller (microcytic) and paler (hypochromic) than normal.
    • Average size of RBCs (MCV)—may be decreased
    • Average amount of Hb in RBCs (MCH)—may be decreased
    • Increased variation in the size of RBCs (red cell distribution width (RDW))
Term
Anemia of chronic inflammatory and infectious diseases
Definition
Anemia of Chronic Disease
Term
In iron deficiency anemia, what would the retic count show?
Definition
(Normal or) high, shows many immature RBCs
Term
Early S/S of iron deficiency anemia
Definition
  • Hct greater than 30 shows few s/s
  • As Hct declines, dyspnea, fatigue, HA, poor concentration, palpitations, anorexia, pallor
Term
Hct
Definition
Hematocrit
Term
Late S/S of iron deficiency anemia
Definition
  • Atrophic glossitis
  • Chelitis (inflamed lips)
  • Spooning of nails
  • Occult blood in stool
  • Picas
Term
Tests for iron deficiency anemia
Definition
  • Hct
  • Retic Count
Term
Important component of patient counseling in iron deficiency anemia
Definition
Foods rich in Fe (red meat, egg yolks, dark leafy greens, dried fruit)
Term
Macrocytic anemia due to B12 deficiency
Definition
Pernicious Anemia
Term
What goes wrong in pernicious anemia?
Definition
Vitamin B12 and folate are important for DNA development Without adequate intake, DNA synthesis is impaired and mitosis is dysregulated. As a result, immature cells that only grow in size are released
Term
Abnormally large bone marrow cell
Definition
Megoloblast
Term
In pernicious anemia, what do the cells look like?
Definition
Macrocytic
Term
2 causes of pernicious anemia
Definition
  • decreased intake of B12
  • Decreased absorption of B12
Term
In pernicious anemia, what would the CBC show?
Definition
Macrocytosis with hypersegmented granulocytes
Term
In pernicious anemia, what would serum B12 blood levels show?
Definition
low
Term
Can the body manufacture B12?
Definition
NO
Term
Where is B12 obtained?
Definition
Dietary sources
Term
Neurologic changes of vitamin B12 deficiency, such as altered personality, dementia, spastic weakness, ataxia
Definition
Megaloblastic Madness
Term
What is the difference between pernicious anemia and folate deficiency?
Definition
Neurologic impairment only occurs in pernicious anemia
Term
What increased demand state can cause folate deficiency?
Definition
Pregnancy
Term
Which meds can interfere with folate deficiency?
Definition
  • Folate antagonist (such as methotrexate)
  • Oral contraceptives
  • Phenytoin (an anticonvulsant)
Term
Hereditary, autosomal dominant disorder
Definition
Thalassemia
Term
What goes wrong in thalassemia?
Definition

Genetic problem results in problem with actual Hgb formation

 

Hemoglobin is unstable and hemolyzes more easily.

Usually mild anemia, but can be severe

Term
In thalassemia, what do cells look like?
Definition
Microcytic
Term
In thalassemia, why might a splenectomy be helpful?
Definition
An enlarged spleen could make anemia worse (recommended when transfusion requirements reach 1.5x normal)
Term
Thalassemia should be suspected in patients with microlytic cells but normal ______
Definition
Fe
Term
Why genetic counseling for thalassemia?
Definition
  • Dominant Trait
  • Can lead to frequent transfusions, skeletal deformities, iron loading, and crippling bone disease
Term
Anemia of chronic disease might be caused by _____
Definition
Malignancy
Term
Peptide hormone produced by the liver
Definition

Hepcidin

 

Term
What does hepcidin do?
Definition
Maintains iron homeostasis
Term
How might hepcidin affect anemia of chronic disease?
Definition
Sequesters iron in the cells
Term
In anemia of chronic disease, cells are _____ and _____ in later stages (normal in early stages)
Definition
  • Microcytic
  • Hypochromic
Term
In anemia of chronic disease, how do cells look on a smear?
Definition
Show rouleaux formation (stacking of cells)
Term
Myeoloproliferative disorder (abnormally high number of RBCs/cc of blood, plus increased WBCs and platelets)
Definition
Polycythemia Vera
Term
What goes wrong in polycythemia vera?
Definition
Too many RBCs due to genetic malfunction of bone marrow. This causes increased blood viscosity, sludgy blood flow, and engorged blood vessels. Reduced tissue perfusion, blood hypercoagulable.
Term
Primary disorder of polycythemia vera is from what?
Definition
Bone Marrow Malfunction
Term
Secondary disorder of polycythemia vera is from what?
Definition
Smoking
Term
Why do heavy smokers develop polycythemia vera?
Definition
Chronic tissue hypoxia
Term
General s/s of polycythemia vera
Definition
  • HIGH Hct
  • Higher Hgb
  • Distension of superficial veins
  • Fatigue
  • Swollen and painful joints
  • Engorged spleen
  • Dehydration
  • CHF, CVA, and MI are possible
Term
Patients with polycythemia vera have a high risk of what?
Definition
DVT (blood clot)
Term
Deficencies in one or more component that regulates hemostasis
Definition
Coagulopathies
Term
What does ITP stand for?
Definition
Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Term
What does TTP stand for?
Definition
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Term
Autoimmune destruction of platelets
Definition
ITP
Term
S/S of ITP
Definition
  • Bruises
  • Petechial rashes
  • Bleeding gums
  • IC Bleed
  • Splenic squestration
Term
Rare disorder caused by platelets clumping together inappropriately
Definition
TTP
Term
In ITP, a normal number of platelets are made, but what happens?
Definition
IgG is made that is directed at them. Spleen attacks and lyses them.
Term
In ITP how much of the cells does the spleen hold?
Definition
90% instead of 30%
Term
In TTP, what does the clumping do?
Definition
Keeps platelets out of circulation, where they can't respond if injury occurs
Term
S/S of TTP
Definition
  • Thrombocytopenia 
  • Anemia
  • Purpura
  • Renal Failure
Term
Decrease of platelets in blood
Definition
Thrombocytopenia
Term
Red/purple discolorations of the skin
Definition
Purpura
Term
Condition where clotting and bleeding happen simultaneously
Definition
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
Term
Causes of DIC
Definition
  • Inappropriate activation of the clotting cascade
  • Deposition of fibrin clots in the microcirculation which activates the fibrinolytic system
Term
Clinical features of DIC
Definition
  • Acute, sudden onset of bleeding/hemorrhage 
  • Multi-Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
Term
What do increased PT/PTT levels tell us in DIC
Definition
That the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways aren't working properly and clotting is taking longer
Term
That the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways aren't working properly and clotting is taking longer
Definition
Fibrin degradation products are around, which means the fibrinolytic system has been activated
Term
What tests show increases in DIC?
Definition
  • PT
  • PTT
  • FDP
Term
Christmas Disease
Definition
Hemophilia B
Term
Classic hemophilia
Definition
Hemophila A
Term
Hemophilia A is missing clotting factor _____ and hemophilia B is missing clotting factor _____
Definition
  • VIII
  • IX
Term
Hemophilia A accounts for what percent of the cases
Definition
80%
Term
Hemophilia is what kind of disorder?
Definition
X-linked Recessive
Term
Who shows the trait for hemophilia?
Definition
Males
Term
Why do hemophilia patients bleed?
Definition
They can form platelet plugs, but not fibrin clots for long-term management
Term
Does hemophilia affect the intrinsic or extrinsic pathway?
Definition

Intrinsic pathway (slow)

 

Clotting is inhibited, causing excessive bleeding.

Term
Leukemia affects the _____ and lymphoma affects the _____
Definition
  • blood and bone marrow
  • Lymphoid tissue
Term
Malignancy of the lymphoid TISSUE
Definition
Hodgkin's Disease
Term
Malignancy of the lymphoid CELLS
Definition
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Term
What is the origination of Hodgkin's disease?
Definition
B-cell origin with suspected Epstein-Barr virus involvement
Term
How does Hodgkin's disease behave?
Definition
Behaves in characteristic way with contiguous spread from lymph node to lymph node
Term
Who tends to develop Hodgkin's disease?
Definition
  • Bimodal distribution with people 15-35 and greater than 50.
  • More prevalent in males, especially young ones
  • Risk in identical twins is 100x greater
Term
How is Hodgkin's disease diagnosis confirmed?
Definition
Reed-Sternberg Cells (look like owls)
Term
S/S of Hodgkin's disease
Definition
  • Painless lymphodenopathy
  • Night sweats
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Rash
Term
What is prognosis of Hodgkin's disease?
Definition
85% curable with treatment
Term
S/S of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Definition

Same as Hodgkin's disease

 

  • Painless lymphodenopathy
  • Night sweats
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Rash
Term
What is the main diagnostic difference between Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Definition
No Reed-Sternberg cells in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Term
How does non-Hodgkin's lymphoma tend to spread?
Definition
Unpredictable pattern
Term
Name the two types of acute leukemia
Definition
  • Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
  • Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Term
S/S of AML
Definition
  • Anemia symptoms
  • Thrombocytopenia symptoms
Term
S/S of ALL
Definition
  • Leukopenia
  • Infection
  • Fever
Term
What does AML affect?
Definition
RBCs or platelets
Term
What does ALL affect?
Definition
B cells (80%) or other lymph cells
Term
What goes wrong with acute leukemia?
Definition
Affected cell line becomes depressed. Lymphoblasts or myeoblasts accumulate and crowd out normal cell production.
Term
With acute leukemia, which patients have the greatest chance for remission?
Definition
  • 40% in  ALL
  • 65-75% in AML
  • Remission decreases with age
Term
Chronic lymphoid malignancy of B cells
Definition
Chroonic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Term
Malignancy of B cells and plasma cells
Definition
Multiple Meyloma
Term
What goes wrong with multiple myeloma?
Definition
Cells invade bone and form many tumor sites (lymph nodes, kidneys, spleen, liver). Plasma cells collect in bone and enhance osteoclast activity/bone lesions.
Term
S/S of multiple myeloma
Definition
  • BONE PAIN
  • fractures
  • Hypercalcemia
  • Ab fragments in urine produce Bence-Jones proteins which cause renal damage
Term
How is diagnosis of multiple myeloma confirmed?
Definition
  • Honeycomb bone appearance
  • Bone lesions
  • Neoplastic plasma cells in blood smear
  • Bence-Jones proteins
Term
Proteins produced by Ab fragments in urine and cause renal damage
Definition
Bence-Jones Proteins
Term
size
Definition
-cytic
Term
Hgb content
Definition
-chromic
Term
Pallor
Definition
paleness of skin
Term
Pallor is an indicatin of:
Definition
Iron deficiency anemia
Term
Low blood pressure that occurs after positional change from supine to standing
Definition
Orthostatic Hypotension
Term
In orthostatic hypotension, the heart rate increases by moer than _____, or decrease in systolic by more than _____ or diastolic by more than _____.
Definition
  • 15%
  • 15 mmHg
  • 10 mmHg
Term
Appetite for nonnutritive substances
Definition
Pica
Term
Red, swollen, shiny tongue
Definition
Atrophic Glossitis
Term
Megaloblast
Definition
Large, abnormal hematopoietic bone marrow cells
Term
Hepcidin
Definition
Peptide hormone produced by the liver that maintains iron hemeostasis
Term
Deficiency of platelets in the peripheral blood
Definition
Thrombocytopenia
Term
Malignant cell type found in affected lymph nodes of people with Hodgkin's disease
Definition
Reed-Sternberg Cells
Term
Difficiency of WBCs in the peripheral circulation, which is usually indicative of bone marrow failure
Definition
Leukopenia
Term
Measure of the total amount of Hgb in the peripheral blood
Definition
Hgb Count
Term
% of total blood volume that is made up of RBCs
Definition
HTC (hematocrit)
Term
Number of circulating RBCs per 1 mm3 of blood
Definition
RBC Count
Term
Series of tests of the peripheral blood that measures the percentage of each component
Definition
CBC with differential
Term
Provides info about size (MCV, RDW), Hgb content (MCH), Hgb concentration (MCHC) of RBCs
Definition
Red Cell Indices
Term

Total number of WBCs in 1 mm3 of peripheral blood and % of each

Definition
WBC count
Term
The number of platelets in 1mm3 of blood
Definition
platelet count
Term
Nonspecific test used to detect acute and chronic inflammation by reflecing the rade at which RBCs fall
Definition
ESR (Erythro Sedimentation Rate)
Term
Use to evaluate extrinisic system and common pathway in the clotting system
Definition
PT
Term
Used to check how well meds are working to prevent blood clots and to detect and diagnose a bleeding disorder. It measures how quickly blood clots form.
Definition
PT
Term
Used to assess intrinsic system
Definition
PTT
Term
Used to investigate possible bleeding disorder or thrombotic episode
Definition
PTT
Term
Documents firbrin clot formation
Definition
FDP
Term
FDP is used to diagnose _____
Definition
DIC
Term
What happens to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve in anemia?
Definition
Shifts to the right to increase O2 delivery to tissues

Term
Hemoglobinopathy which causes a structural variation in the Hgb's AA chain, which makes RBCs sticky
Definition
Sickle Cell Anemia
Term
What goes wrong with SSA?
Definition
  • Precipitating event causes the RBCs to become misshapen and look sickled

 

Term
Is SSA permanent?
Definition
If stimulus is removed, cells return to normal shape, but it can be chronic
Term
How long is the lifespan of a RBC with SSA?

Definition
20 days
Term
Precipitating events to SSA
Definition
  • Low PaO2
  • Cold
  • Vascular Stasis
  • Acidosis
  • Strenuous Exercise
  • Dehydration
  • Infection
Term
Microinfarcts produce what?
Definition
Ischemia and possible necrosis

Term
Microinfarcts are related to what anemia?

Definition
SSA

Term
Describe the viscious cycle in SSA
Definition
  • Hypoxia
  • Capillary Obstruction
  • More Hypoxia
  • More Sickling
Term
S/S of SSA

Definition
  • Low Hct
  • Ischemia/Tissue Hypoxia
  • Pain
  • Hardended Spleen
  • Splenomegaly
  • Pulmonary Infarcts
  • Chest Pain
  • Renal Ischemia with decreased GFR
  • Cadiac Ischemia
Term
What test can be used with SSA

Definition
Hct
Term
If blood transfusion is a treatment for SSA, they are at risk for which reaction?
Definition
Hypersensitivity II
Term

What would the following test results indicate?

 

Hct: low

Hgb: low

MCV: normal

MCH: low

MCHC: low

Retic: normal

RBC: low

WBC: low

Platelet: low

 

Definition
relative anemia
Term

What would the following test results indicate?

 

Hct: low

Hgb: low

MCV: high

MCH: high

MCHC: normal

Retic: low

RBC: low

WBC: low

Platelet: low

 

Macrocytic

Definition
Pernicious anemia
Term

What would the following test results indicate?

 

Hct: low

Hgb: low

MCV: high

MCH: high

MCHC: normal

Retic: low

RBC: low

WBC: low

Platelet: low

 

macrocytic

Definition
Folate deficiency
Term

What would the following test results indicate?

 

Hct: low

Hgb: low

MCV: low

MCH: low

MCHC: low

Retic: normal or high

RBC: low

WBC: normal

Platelet: normal

 

microcytic & hopochromic

Definition
Iron Deficiency
Term

What would the following test results indicate?

 

Hct: low

Hgb: low

MCV: low

MCH: low

MCHC: low

Retic: high

RBC: low

WBC: normal

Platelet: normal

 

microcytic, hypochromic

Definition
Thalassemia
Term

What would the following test results indicate?

 

Hct: low

Hgb: low

MCV: normal

MCH: normal

MCHC: normal

Retic: high

RBC: low

WBC: normal

Platelet: normal

 

normocytic, normochromic, sickle cells

Definition
Sickle Cell Anemia
Term

What would the following test results indicate?

 

Hct: high

Hgb: high

MCV: normal

MCH: normal

MCHC: normal

Retic: normal

RBC: high

WBC: high

Platelet: high

Definition
PV
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