Term
| What area does CSF circulate around the brain and spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the language center located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unable to comprehend or express language correctly |
|
|
Term
| What is an early manifestation of increasing ICP's |
|
Definition
| Decrease level of consciousness |
|
|
Term
| Cushing's reflex or triad includes what |
|
Definition
| Increase pulse pressure, bradycardia, and irregular respirations |
|
|
Term
| What part of the brain is being affected with increased ICP and projectile vomiting |
|
Definition
| Emetic center in the medulla |
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the limbic system |
|
Definition
| Determines emotional responses |
|
|
Term
| The common type of tumors that adults usually have arising in the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What affect will a brain abscess have on the cardiovascular system |
|
Definition
| Slower heart rate and systemic vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| What color should normal CSF look like |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do secondary brain tumors normally metastasize to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary brain tumors rarely metastasize outside of the central nervous system |
|
Definition
| True - brain tumors rarely metastasize outside of the central nervous system |
|
|
Term
| A TIA can be an indicator for what potential complication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most likely source of an embolus that causes a CVA |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacterial meningitis can cause swelling and purulent exudate where |
|
Definition
| Pia, arachnoid and surface of the entire brain |
|
|
Term
| What clinical manifestations will you see with acute bacterial meningitis |
|
Definition
| Nuchal rigidity, photophobia, and a severe headache |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of St. Louis encephalitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the patho of Guillain-Barre' syndrome |
|
Definition
| Demyelination and inflammation of peripheral nerves |
|
|
Term
| Where does an epidural hematoma occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical manifestations of autonomic dysreflexia when a person has a cervical spine injury |
|
Definition
| Bradycardia and sudden increase in blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| Through what area does the cerebrospinal fluid circulate around the brain and spinal cord |
|
Definition
| In the subarachnoid space |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the usual location of language centers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would be the effect of damage to the auditory association area in the left hemisphere? |
|
Definition
| Inability to understand what is heard |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following applies to the corticospinal tract? |
|
Definition
| It is a pyramidal tract for efferent impulses. |
|
|
Term
| What is a major function of the limbic system? |
|
Definition
| Determines emotional responses |
|
|
Term
| Where are 1-adrenergic receptors located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a vegetative state refer to? |
|
Definition
| Loss of awareness and intellectual function but continued brainstem function |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following conditions is NOT part of the criteria for a declaration of "brain death"? |
|
Definition
| Presence of any head injury |
|
|
Term
| What is an early indicator of increased intracranial pressure? |
|
Definition
| Decreasing responsiveness |
|
|
Term
| What is the rationale for vomiting in a patient who has increased intracranial pressure? |
|
Definition
| Pressure on the emetic center in the medulla |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical change in blood pressure in a patient who has increased intracranial pressure? |
|
Definition
| Increasing pulse pressure |
|
|
Term
| The largest category of primary malignant brain tumors that arise from cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following causes papilledema? |
|
Definition
| Increased pressure of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at the optic disc |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of an enlarging brain abscess on cardiovascular activity? |
|
Definition
| Systemic vasoconstriction and slower heart rate |
|
|
Term
| As intracranial pressure rises, the pupil of the eye, ipsilateral to the lesion, becomes dilated and unresponsive to light because of pressure on the: |
|
Definition
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) fibers in cranial nerve III. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following characteristics indicates that the CSF is normal? |
|
Definition
| - Clear and colorless fluid |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements is TRUE about malignant brain tumors? |
|
Definition
| Primary brain tumors rarely metastasize outside the CNS. |
|
|
Term
| Secondary brain tumors usually arise from: |
|
Definition
| - metastasized breast or lung tumors. |
|
|
Term
| Why are focal or generalized seizures sometimes an early indication of a brain tumor? |
|
Definition
| Surrounding inflammation stimulates neurons to discharge spontaneously. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a TRUE statement about transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)? |
|
Definition
| They can warn of potential cerebrovascular accidents. |
|
|
Term
| What is the probable source of an embolus causing a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collateral circulation is most likely to be present when a CVA results from: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the following apply to CVA EXCEPT: |
|
Definition
| maximum necrosis and infarction develop within several hours of onset. |
|
|
Term
| Signs and symptoms of a stroke depend upon: |
|
Definition
| location of obstruction, size of artery, and area affected. |
|
|
Term
| In the weeks following CVA, why might some neurological function return? |
|
Definition
1. Presence of collateral circulation
2. Immediate therapy to dissolve thrombi and maintain perfusion
3. Reduced inflammation in the area
4. Development of alternative neuronal pathways |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements about berry aneurysms in the brain is NOT true? |
|
Definition
| CSF remains free of blood. |
|
|
Term
| In a case of bacterial meningitis, where does swelling and purulent exudate form? |
|
Definition
| In the pia mater, arachnoid, and surface of the entire brain |
|
|
Term
| What are significant signs of acute bacterial meningitis? |
|
Definition
| Severe headache, nuchal rigidity, and photophobia |
|
|
Term
| In many types of encephalitis, such as St. Louis encephalitis, how are the viruses transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the following apply to tetanus infection EXCEPT: |
|
Definition
| signs of fever, vomiting, stiff neck, and paralysis. |
|
|
Term
| In cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome, what does the pathophysiology include? |
|
Definition
| Inflammation and demyelination of peripheral nerves, leading to ascending paralysis |
|
|
Term
| How does a depressed skull fracture cause brain damage? |
|
Definition
| A section of skull bone is displaced below the level of the skull, causing pressure on the brain. |
|
|
Term
| Following a head injury, what is the most likely cause of secondary damage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An epidural hematoma is located between the: |
|
Definition
| - dura mater and the skull. |
|
|
Term
| What does the term otorrhea mean? |
|
Definition
| CSF leaking from the ear. |
|
|
Term
| Vertebral fractures are classified as: |
|
Definition
| simple, compression, wedge, dislocation. |
|
|
Term
| Following a spinal injury at C5, what is the expected effect during the period of spinal shock? |
|
Definition
| Possible periods of apnea |
|
|
Term
| Following an injury at L2 to L3, what would indicate recovery from spinal shock? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the signs of autonomic dysreflexia in a person with cervical spinal injury? |
|
Definition
| Sudden marked increase in blood pressure with bradycardia |
|
|
Term
| Expressive aphasia is most likely to result from damage to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the usual result of damage to the right occipital lobe? |
|
Definition
| Loss of left visual field |
|
|
Term
| How does the heart rate change as intracranial pressure increases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which statement best describes herniation resulting from increased intracranial pressure? |
|
Definition
| Displacement of brain tissue downward toward the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Which type of cerebrovascular accident (CVA) has the poorest prognosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following factors predispose(s) an individual to a CVA? |
|
Definition
1. Hypertension
2. Smoking cigarettes
3. History of coronary artery disease
4. Diabetes mellitus |
|
|
Term
| What are the significant early signs of a ruptured cerebral aneurysm? |
|
Definition
| - Severe headache, nuchal rigidity, and photophobia |
|
|
Term
| The stroke scale used to rapidly diagnose a stroke includes: |
|
Definition
| capacity for speech, level of consciousness, motor skills, eye movements. |
|
|
Term
| With regard to meningitis, choose the correct combination of microbe and the age group commonly affected. |
|
Definition
| N. meningitides: children and youth |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements applies to a lumbar puncture? |
|
Definition
| It is usually performed at L3-L4. |
|
|
Term
| Which signs are indicative of post-polio syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Progressive fatigue and weakness |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following does NOT apply to Reye's syndrome? |
|
Definition
| There is no permanent damage in the body. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of fracture typically occurs at the base of the skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The primary reason for seizures frequently occurring with head injuries is: |
|
Definition
| presence of blood irritates the neurons. |
|
|
Term
| Brain injury where the brain is injured when it bounces off of the skull due to sudden acceleration or deceleration is referred to as a/an: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The rabies virus is usually transmitted by: |
|
Definition
| bites from infected animals. |
|
|
Term
| Common manifestations of rabies infection include: |
|
Definition
| headache, foaming at the mouth, and difficulty swallowing. |
|
|
Term
| Which statement is TRUE about tetanus infection? |
|
Definition
| Infection usually develops in deep puncture wounds. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following impairments results from infection by the polio virus? |
|
Definition
| Loss of function of motor neurons of the spinal cord and medulla |
|
|
Term
| Herpes zoster can be identified by a typical: |
|
Definition
| unilateral rash and pain along a cranial nerve or dermatome. |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following conditions is marked by focal signs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Typical signs of a TIA include: |
|
Definition
| transient muscle weakness in a hand or leg. |
|
|
Term
| In cases of noncommunicating hydrocephalus, why does excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulate? |
|
Definition
| An obstruction is present in the aqueduct of Sylvius or other channel. |
|
|
Term
| All of the following are typical signs of hydrocephalus in the neonate EXCEPT: |
|
Definition
| vomiting, headache, and paralysis. |
|
|
Term
| The best description of a myelomeningocele is: |
|
Definition
| herniation of the meninges, CSF, and spinal cord or nerves through a vertebral defect. |
|
|
Term
| How is the presence of spina bifida diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| Prenatally by ultrasound or detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in maternal blood or amniotic fluid |
|
|
Term
| What characteristic is common to all individuals with cerebral palsy? |
|
Definition
| Some degree of motor disability |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following applies to cerebral palsy? |
|
Definition
| Nonprogressive brain damage to the fetus or neonate |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is characteristic of generalized seizures? |
|
Definition
| The uncontrolled discharge of neurons in both hemispheres |
|
|
Term
| From the following, choose the two events (in correct sequence) that immediately follow the aura during a tonic-clonic event: |
|
Definition
| Loss of consciousness, then the tonic stage |
|
|
Term
| What does the clonic stage of a seizure consist of? |
|
Definition
| Alternating contractions and relaxation of skeletal muscles |
|
|
Term
| How would a seizure consisting of bizarre or inappropriate activity be classified? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is characteristic of multiple sclerosis? |
|
Definition
| Remissions and exacerbations |
|
|
Term
| Which statement does NOT apply to the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis? |
|
Definition
| Progressive random degeneration of peripheral nerves |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are common early signs of multiple sclerosis? |
|
Definition
| Areas of numbness, weakness in the legs, visual problems |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following applies to Parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
| Usually develops in men and women over 60 years of age. |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathophysiological change in Parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
| Degeneration of the basal nuclei with a deficit of dopamine |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are common early manifestations of Parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
| Tremors at rest in the hands and repetitive motion of the hands |
|
|
Term
| In which type of neuron is progressive degeneration occurring with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)? |
|
Definition
| Upper and lower motor neurons |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following statements does NOT apply to myasthenia gravis? |
|
Definition
| Dementia develops in the later stage. |
|
|
Term
| Which statement applies to Huntington's disease? |
|
Definition
| It presents with choreiform movements in the upper body and decreased ability to concentrate. |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristic changes in the brain of a patient with Alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
| Cortical atrophy with plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, impairing conduction |
|
|
Term
| Which disease is associated with excessive dopamine secretion, decreased gray matter in the temporal lobes, and abnormal hippocampal cells in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which disorders do biochemical abnormalities involving the neurotransmitters in the brain occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are typical characteristics associated with schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| Disorganized thought processes, short attention span, delusions |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical initial effect of a herniated intervertebral disc at the L4 to L5 level? |
|
Definition
| Lower back pain radiating down the leg |
|
|
Term
| What causes a herniated intervertebral disc? |
|
Definition
| A protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following dietary supplements has reduced the incidence of spina bifida in recent years? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is the most common cause of brain damage in children with cerebral palsy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ataxic form of cerebral palsy results from damage to the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is used to confirm the diagnosis of, and classify, seizures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which statement does NOT apply to status epilepticus? |
|
Definition
| Person does not lose consciousness during seizure. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of seizure commonly occurs in children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the following may precipitate a seizure EXCEPT: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of advanced Parkinson's disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is a typical early sign of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)? |
|
Definition
| Weakness and muscle atrophy in upper limbs |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following classes of drugs may provide temporary improvement in cases of myasthenia gravis? |
|
Definition
| Anticholinesterase agents |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following are typical early signs of Alzheimer's disease? |
|
Definition
Behavioral changes
Reduced ability to reason and problem solve |
|
|
Term
| Which of the following is NOT considered to be a common contributing factor to AIDS dementia? |
|
Definition
| Development of arteriosclerosis |
|
|
Term
| Communicating hydrocephalus causes increased intracranial pressure because of: |
|
Definition
| failure of the subarachnoid to absorb CSF. |
|
|
Term
| Failure of the spinous processes to fuse, but without herniation of the meninges, is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which statement is TRUE about amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)? |
|
Definition
| Cognitive function remains normal. |
|
|
Term
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is caused by: |
|
Definition
| infection in the brain by a prion. |
|
|
Term
| Huntington's disease is diagnosed by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which statement is TRUE about depression? |
|
Definition
| It is classified as a mood disorder. |
|
|
