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| The formation or presence of abnormal growth tissue/cell |
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| a tumor that is canerous and tends to spread to other parts of the body. |
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| swelling of a part of the body, caused by and abnormal growth of tissue wheter benign or malignant |
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not harmful
non-cancerous, slow growing, usually encapsulated, sticky cells (adhesion) (helps with removal), don’t spread to other parts of the body, and can be removed without reoccurrence. Usually not life-threatening (depending on its location and dependency) |
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Definition
tenging to invade normal tissue or to reoccur after removal of cells/tissue; growth rate is very quick, not encapsulated, and difficult to remove. Tend to shed their cells into other areas in the blood stream and have a regrowth factor.
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| enlargement of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in the reproduction rate of its cells, often the initial stage of cancer development |
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| inflammation of the mucos membrane of the mouth |
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| weakness and wasting of the body due to to severe-chronic illness |
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Definition
| development of blood vessels |
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Definition
| Causing development of a tumor |
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Definition
| spread easily and fast into other cells and tissues. Lymphatic sxs and blood stream via long projections (crab-like projections) to latch on to other tissue to being growth of tumors. |
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new growth elsewhere; metastasis
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Definition
"cell inhibition," meaning that when cells touch other cells, they are inhibited from further growth.
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| Cells from normal to malignant |
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Definition
Initiation stage: mutation of the genetic material of normal cells
Promotion stage: when the cells begin to divide quickly into a malignant tumor
Final “progression” stage: malignant growth that begins to cells throughout surrounding cells and tissues
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Note 3rd photo, “in situ” stage: when cancer has broken through the basement membrane
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| How is angiogenesis a charateristic to cancer? |
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Definition
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Cancer cells have the ability to secrete angiogensiss factors that allow the cancer to grow its own blood vessels. Critical: allows growth of caner cells to be quicker and prolonged
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Tumor is causing new blood vessels to be produced, to enhance the growth of the tumor
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Definition
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Gene mutations cause (or allow):
◦1) Self- sufficiency in growth signals
◦2) Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
◦3) Evading apoptosis (evading “self-destruct”)
◦4) Limitless replication potential
◦5) Sustained angiogenesis
◦6) Tissue invasion and metastasis
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Term
| Early Warning Signs of Cancer |
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Definition
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1. Unusual bleeding/discharge
2. A sore that does not heal
3. Change in bowel or bladder habits
4. Nagging cough or hoarseness
5. Lump in breast or other part of the body
6. Obvious change in moles
7. Difficulty in swallowing
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Term
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Definition
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Staging: How far the cancer has spread: size of tumor, degree of metastasis
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| Grading scale of cancer means... |
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Definition
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Grading is a classification process for prognosis and treatment.
Grade 1: cells that are well differentiated, very similar to their tissue of origin; prognosis is good
Grade 2: moderate differentiation of cells, structurally similar to the parent cells. Prognosis: fair
Grade 3: poorly differentiated. Prognosis: very poor
Grade 4: cells are primitive and unrecognizable in regards to origin. Prognosis: very poor
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Definition
[image]
T:Tumor size; N: # of lymph nodes involved; M:extent of metastasis
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What does the staging T2 N1Mo indicate?
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T: 2nd Stage Tumor, N: 1 lymph node involved, M: 0 extent of metastasis
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| Systemic Manifestations of Cancer |
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Definition
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Infection: common cause of death w/ pt
Anemia: seen when cancer is in its advanced stages due to erosion of BV, chronic bleeding, mets of bone marrow
Anorexia & cachexia: Nutrition decreases
Fatigue & sleep disorders
Compression or obstruction of tissues/organs
Pain (not usually an early symptom; comes with time of obstruction to the tissues)
Psychosocial integrity/quality of life: engage with the sick/pain-free AMAP
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Definition
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Tissue biopsy – (essential!)
X-rays, CT scans, endoscopies, etc
Determination of Stage and Grade
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Loss or destruction of RBCs that exceeds the bone marrows ability to replace them: hemorrhage
Decreased production of RCS, failure in bone marrow function or deficiency in nutrients.
Definition: Low numbers of RBCs, low hemoglobin, or low hematocrit indicates anemia, which can result from:
Autoimmune/collagen-vascular diseases such as lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis
Blood loss (hemorrhage, heavy menstrual cycles)
Bone marrow failure (for example, from radiation, infection, or tumors)
Erythropoietin deficiency (secondary to kidney disease)
Hemolysis (red blood cell destruction)
Leukemia
Malnutrition (nutritional deficiencies of iron, Folate, Vitamin B12 or B6)
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Term
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Definition
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Fatigue: result due to lack of oxygen to tissues
Tachycardia: body trying to compensate for decreased O2 levels
Dyspnea/ Tachypnea:body trying to compensate for decreased O2 levels
Pallor
Dizziness: due to decreased O2 levels
Muscle Weakness
Angina: severe situation
Myocardial Infarction
Organ Damage/Infarction
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Term
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Definition
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Adequate amount of RBC, but reduction of hemoglobin due to lack of Fe.
Females: wide set vag with a HEAVY flow
Avoidance of cow’s milk under 2 years of age
Iron supplementation in breast fed infants younger than one year of age
In second year of life, give diet rich in iron and use of iron fortified vitamins
Children and adults: increase iron intake in foods, encourage red meat, green leafy vegetables, fortified iron foods such as cereals; watch stools for signs of occult blood loss
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Term
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Definition
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Genetic disorder: Platelet of cells have aggregated
S gene: clinical symptoms; Carries: do not have clinical s/s : Problem abnormality in shape of RBCand reduces the lifespan, and abnormal functionality. Very fragile and can rupture at any time. Very sticky and can lodge into very small capillaries (clot) can effect BFàischemia and infarction to the tissue. VERY PAINFUL to have happen and very serious. Overtime, the organs become deprived of O2, leading to a shorter lifespan.
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Term
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Definition
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Failure of Bone Marrow via stem cells have been damaged beyond repair OR have been replaced by cancer cells. Bring production of RBC to a stop. Can be idiopathic: UK cause
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Definition
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STUDY!!!
malignant of blood forming tissues
immature WBC; bone marrow, body organs and tissues, that are unable to function properly. HUGE number of immature cells present and very few normal ones. Cells being to multiply by infiltrating organs and tissues. Spleen, lymph node, kidney. Bone Marrow becomes attacked by the cells and interfere with the production of normal cells. As a result, can become suppressed.
Acute L: rapid onset and lasts only a short amt of time. Can die within days to months if treatment is not sought out. Chronic: slower onset; early on pt may not have any symptoms and may have extended prognosis and can live > 5 yrs.
Type is determinant on its granulation
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Term
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Definition
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ALL: most common one seen in children. Immature lymphocytes that appear in the bone marrow
CML: middle aged adults; abnormal stem cells that lead to uncontrolled proliferation of granulocyte cells
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Term
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Definition
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Lymphoma: caner of the lymphocytes generally originates in the lymph nodes.
HD: common type of lymphoma,
Multinucleated cell that has a halo around the nuclei (RSC)
Progress fro single node to muilt-node into other organ.
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Term
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Definition
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Reduction in platelets <100,000
Etiology: Decrease in platelet production, excessive pooling of platelets in spleen, reduced lifespan of platelets caused by immune or non-immune mechanisms
E.g. Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (<20k), also immune thrombocytopenia purpura
Risk factors: radiation exposure or treatment; cancer drugs, HIV
Symptoms: Petechiae, bleeding in various body cavities, nose, eyes, stool, easy bruising
Treatment: Platelet transfusions, cortiosteriods, splenectomy
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Term
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Definition
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Sex-linked genetic disease located on the X chromosome, as a result women are carriers and males are effected.
Type A: most common and most severe type; absence of factor 8 à uncontrolled bleeding after injury (tooth extraction can be fatal) DJ arthritis, bleeding in joints à typically don’t have a very long life expectancy.
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