Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| effects nephrons, abnormal tubal blockage, upper portion balloons out (cyst) Infantile recessive 3-4 yrs, adult dominant longer to develop. |
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Term
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Definition
| failure in metabolism, cannot pump out H+, cannot make bicarb, adult dominant, childhood not single gene 18 months, polyuria, decrease gravity, hypokalemia, calcification of kidneys. Tx bicarb |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of bladder, ascending, normal flora or pathogens, urgency, frequency, dysuria, lack of IgA, retention, Tx antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
| women more likely, swollen abscessed infection, weakness, fever, antibiotics for 6 weeks, hospitalization, recover or chronic renal failure |
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Term
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Definition
| slow destruction of kidney, 10-20 yrs, small shrunken scarred, no known cause, transplant or dialysis, not good prognosis |
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Term
| Predisposing factors of UTI |
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Definition
| decreased IgA, retention, urethrovesical reflux (urethra to bladder), vesicoureteral reflux (bladder to ureters), diabetes, HTN, prostate, female structure |
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Term
| Effects of kidney obstruction |
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Definition
| infection, calculi formation, hydronephrosis |
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Term
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Definition
| high concentration of insoluble substances in plasma, pH changes, high ADH, infection, alkaline urine (Ca phosphate or Ca carbonate), acid urine (ca oxalate, cystine, uric acid), renal colic PAIN |
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Term
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Definition
| type 3 hypersensitivity, latency after strept throat, activated compliments, innocent bystander, glomerular damage, glomerular thickening, proteinuria, hematuria, oliguria, HTN, edema |
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Term
| Rapidly Progressive Glomerulonephritis |
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Definition
| type 2 hypersensitivity, 2 years, antibody in blood, rapid renal failure destroys basement membrane, ass. with Goodpasteur's syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| destruction of filtering system, loss of massive amount of albumin -> systemic and pulmonary edema |
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Term
| Stages of uremic syndrome (renal failure) |
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Definition
| impairment 40-60, insufficient 10-40, failure <10 |
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Term
| Na+ and H20 imbalances in chronic renal failure |
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Definition
| insuff. polyuria, failure retention |
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Term
| K+ imbalances in chronic renal fail |
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Definition
| insuff. hypokalemia, failure hyperkalemia |
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Term
| Nitrogen containing substances excreted by kidneys |
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Definition
| urea (BUN), creatine, ammonia, middle molecular range molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to get rid of N+ ammonia, urea, creatnine, middle range molecular, leads to peripheral neuropathies |
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Term
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Definition
| internal shunt and access, bath sets level of eqilibirum for diffusion, bicarb into blood because of acidosis, bacteria in bath, rbc and protein in blood, dietary restrictions, time, cost, depression death from CaPO4 in vessels |
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Term
| Causes of acute renal failure |
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Definition
| PRE: hypovolemia, dehydration, cardiac failure, septic shock. INTRA: acute pyeloneophritis, acute glomerulernephritis, tubular obstruction by myoglobin or Hg, injury by mercury, etheylene, glycol, carbon tetrachloride. POST: complete obstruction, tumor, calculi, stricture, BPH |
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Term
| Phases of Acute Renal Failure |
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Definition
| Oliguric (RETAIN) 7-10 days after damage, <400 mL, edema, hyperkalemia, acidosis, azotemia, CNS. Diuretic (LOSE)- 2-3 weeks after damage, polyuria, dehydration, hypokalemia. Anemia for 1 yr, act of vit D. 50% mortality 2/3 in oliguric phase |
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Term
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Definition
| anabolism, insulin dominates, GH |
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Term
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Definition
| catabolism, glucagon dominates, cortisone, epi, GH |
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Term
| Manifestations of diabetes |
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Definition
| BOTH: hyperglycemia, glucosuri, polyuria, polydipsia, muscle weakness, susceptibility to infection. 1 only: polyphagia, weight loss, ketoacidosis (cannot complete beta oxidation, form ketone bodies releasing H+) |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive carb intake, stress increases cortisone and epi which antagonize insulin, insidious onset, polyuria, dehydration, hypotension, sensory and visual disturbances, seizure, coma, death Tx fluid replace, insulin, K+ |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic acidosis, anorexia, nausea, vomit, neuro supression, kussmaul breathing Tx fluid replace, insulin, K+, NaHCO3 |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased diet, increase insulin, increase exercise. sudden onset, tachycardia, cold, clammy, weak, confusion, dizzy, convulsion, coma, death, glucose oral or IV, glucagon to mobilize glycogen |
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Term
| Increased infections in diabetics |
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Definition
| impaired circulation, impaired vision and feeling, glucose in urine and retention, impaired chemotaxis and phagocytosis, impaired protein synthesis for healing |
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Term
| Primary vs. Secondary defect in endocrine control |
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Definition
| primary is in gland, secondary is control gland (hypo or tumor) |
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Term
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Definition
| metabolic rate, increased blood flow, increase appetite, increased secretion and motility, makes energy transfer less efficient, nerve myelination, bone growth, brain dev, increased CNS activity |
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Term
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Definition
| hyperthyroidism, trauma, benign malignant tumor, heat intolerance, sweat, dehydration, increase calories and o2, heat production, increase HR, appetite, diarrhea, weight loss, tremors, mentation, hyperactivity, psychosis, goiter, exopthalmos, thyroid storm Tx beta 1 block, antithyroid, radioactive iodine, thyroidectomy |
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Term
| Hashimoto's Disease (Cretinism, Myxedema) |
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Definition
| hypothyroidism, decrease metabolic rate and o2 use, cold intolerance, bradycardia, decrease appetite, flatulence, constipation, dwarfism, mental retardation if before 2, coma severe hypothermia, coma, death, replace thyroid before age 2 |
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Term
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Definition
| controls organic metabolism, antagonizes insulin, increase blood glucose, metabolizes fats, anatianabolic, alertness, sympathetics, inhibits inflammation and immunity by suppressing IL2 |
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Term
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Definition
| primary: at adrenal, TB, metastisis, autoimmunity. hyperpigmentation. secondary: panhypopituitarism, hypo not producing any hormones, won't effect aldosterone, no pigment. Hypoglycemia, cannot stand fast or stress, slows pump, acidosis, hypotension, |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive testosterone production, ovarian tumors and polycystic disease, loss of hair, hair on face, enlarged clit, loss of curves, loss of breats, hirstutism, acne, male body shape, amenorrhea, infertility. Tx cause or stop drugs |
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Term
| Adrenogenital syndrome (prenatal) |
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Definition
| problem in production of cortisone, excessive amounts of testosterone, less cortisone. at birth gonads determined by genetics, external structure by hormones. If uncorrected hirsutism, baldness, acne, male body shape, no testes in scrotum Tx cortisone to decrease shunting, early surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| ACTH: no stress tolerance, TSH: hypothyroidsm, FSH: intertility, loss of sexual characteristics, GH: dwarf, fast intolerance, MSH: pale |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by hiatal hernias (sliding acid from stomach, pregnancy, obesity, weak wall...Rolling potion of stomach rolled up cuts off blood supply) Heart burn, ulcers, stricture, avoid spicy food, small potions, surgery if rolling, lose weight, elevate head |
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Term
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Definition
| smoking, alcoholism, esophagitis, LATE manifestations, problem swallowing, poor prognosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Zollinger-Ellison syndrome increased acid production, heliobacter pylori, damaging agents, stress w. cortisone. H+ into mucosa, histamine release (increase cap perm and dilate w. edema), HCl secretion, positive feedback. Relieved by food (buffer) |
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Term
| Treatment of Peptic Ulcers |
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Definition
| relief of stress, dietary management, antacids (sodium bicarb best!, Ca for secretions, magnesium hydroxide inhibits bile acid absorption, aluminum prep inhibits phosphate absorption), H2 block (cimetidine), anticholinergic, antibiotics for H pylori infection |
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Term
| Complications of Peptic Ulcers |
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Definition
| hemorrhage if in submucosa (iron anemia if slow bleeding, if artery hypotension and shock), perforation (peritonitis), penetration (pancreas behind as plug), obstruction (pyloric stenosis and stricture from scarring) |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of digestive enzymes and secretions (chronic pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, liver disease, lactase deficiency), disrupt surface (celiac disease no GLUTEN, tropical spruce give antibiotic, regional enteritis), motility, diarrhea, steatorrhea (fat in stool), flatulence. Deficiencies |
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Term
| Regional Enteritis (Crohn's Disease) |
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Definition
| plaque like regions (granulomatous), rigid tube, mutation in gene IL23 immune response to normal flora, colicky diarrhea, lose weight, dehydration, arthritis, liver inflammation, skin lesions, ankylosing spondylitis, adhesions, stangulate, toxic megacolon, low residue, anticholinergic, antiinflammatory, ilestomy |
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Term
| Chronic Ulcerative Colitis |
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Definition
| ulcers, bleeding, continuous attack on colon w. IL involvement, mild cramping, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, dehydration, arthritis, skin lesions, remissions and exacerbations w. stress, bloody stools, chronic in continuous irritation increase cancer risk, toxic megacolon, cancer, low residue, antiinflammatory |
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Term
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Definition
| weakened colon muscles, little pouches for bacteria, aging, low residue diet, turns into diverticulitis (colicky pain, high inflammation, severe, perforation, perontitis), Tx otis w. high residue, no little seeds. Tx itis with low residue, prevent perforation |
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Term
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Definition
| omentum around inflammed area, decreased motility of sm. intestine, secretions not absorbed, gas accumulated, paralytic ileus, hypotension, dehydration, drain ab cavity, significant loss |
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Term
| Types of intestinal Obstruction |
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Definition
| non mechanical paralytic ileus (post ab surgery, peritonitis, hypokalemia), mechanical (adhesions- scarring, volvulus- loop of bowel twists, intussusception- one loop into another polyps causes, herniation (inguinal, femoral, ventral), tumors |
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Term
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Definition
| non mechanical intestinal obstruction, continuous pain, silent bowel sounds |
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Term
| Mechanical Intestine Obstruction |
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Definition
| intermittent, colicky, hyperpersitalsis, noisy |
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Term
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Definition
| 70% sigmoid, 30% rest of colon, x ray w barium, colonscopy, ribbon shaped stool, spreads to liver, fairly good prognosis |
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Term
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Definition
| single pedunculated, sessile (more likely to be malignant), familial polyposis (genetic, autosomal dominant, 99% of cancer if you have it, liver, <5% survival), genetic testing (3-10, 1 25-35, every other 35-45, every 3 after 45), take out whole colon |
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Term
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Definition
| rupture of small artery, very dangerous, increase pressure, trauma less than subdural, pressure on pons no rept, short course, surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| slower bleed venous, contusion, fracture, brain damage, site varies throughout skills, manifestations may be months later, surgery |
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Term
| Manifestations of increased intracranial pressure |
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Definition
| decreased level of consciousness, contralateral motor effects, papillary edema, unilateral (pupil dilate), midline (midposition and fix), cushings reaction, increase in MAP, coma, resp and heart failure |
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Term
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Definition
| deficit of ACh and Gaba, hippocampus of limbic system, lobes of cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| loss of function of basal ganglion, no DA or excessive Gamma neuron |
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