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Patho Exam 3 Alterations in Hematology
Stark: Alterations in RBC/WBC/Hemostasis
43
Pathology
Graduate
11/10/2013

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Term
Deficiency vs. Abnormal Proliferation of leukocytes
Definition
deficiency: neutropenia
proliferation: infectious (mono) and neoplastic (cancers: leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma)
Term
neutropenia (all 5 levels)
Definition
clinical: <1500/mcL
(mild: <1000/mcL)
moderate: 500-1000/mcL
severe: <500/mcL
Agranulocytosis: negligible amt
Term
causes of neutropenia (6)
Definition
congenital (rare)
Acquired:(H-RAID)
-Hematologic malignancy (suppresses normal development)
-radiation (bone marrow, kills progenitors)
-autoimmune (secondary)
-infection (depletes supply)
-drugs (kill cells)
Term
clinical manifestations of neutropenia
Definition
malaise, chills fever
weakness/fatigue
ulcers
high-risk for infection
Term
Treatment of neutropenia
Definition
prophylactic antibiotics to prevent opportune infection
Hematopoietic growth factors (promote neutrophil development)
Term
Lymphoma and its types
Definition
L: malignancy of lymph and marrow cells
T: Hodgkin: Reed-Sternberg cells present, initiates in one lymph node, then propagates to those surrounding
Non-Hodgkin begins in maldeveloped B or T cell, metastasizes to several nodes at once
Term
which type of lymphoma may have a viral link?
Definition
Hodgkin: could be eppstein-barr, HTLV, or HIV
Term
Two mechanisms by which lymphoma may cause lymphadenopathy
Definition
1. having the disease over-works the lymph nodes
2. tumors
Term
Treatment options for lymphoma
Definition
Lymphoma is a SCReaM:
Stem cell/bone marrow transplant
Chemotherapy (progressive)
Radiation (early)
Monoclonal antibody (direct attack)
Term
leukemia
Definition
over-production of immature leukocytes
much in marrow, varying in circulation
interferes with development of all blood cells
Term
types of leukemia
Definition
acute vs. chronic: time of onset, and disease progression rate
lymphocytic or myelocytic: leukocytes only or all blood cell types
Term
clinical manifestations of leukemia
Definition
due to insufficient production of...
...WBC: fever/sweats, recurrent infections
...RBC: weight loss, anemia (pallor, fatigue, dyspnea)
...Platelets: thrombocytopenia (petechiae, bleeding, hematuria)
or more simply: infection, anemia, and bleeding respectively
Term
treatments for leukemia
Definition
replacement (BM/SCT, blood transfusion), maturation (growth factors), or chemo/radiation
Term
tumor lysis syndrome
Definition
massive cytolysis of malignant cells (thanks to chemo)--> deadly ion imbalance
Term
Finish my sentences:
lymphomas primarily originate...
leukemias primarily originate...
60-100% of circulating blood cells in leukemia pts are...
antibiotics might be prescribed alongside chemotherapy...
Definition
...in the lymph nodes
...in the bone marrow
..."blasts," progenitor/immature blood cells
...as a prophylactic measure to prevent infection, since chemo kills leukocytes
Term
Myeloma
Definition
overproduction of abnormal plasma cells in the marrow and in bone lesions which produce IgGs and osteoclast activating factor
Term
Symptoms of Myeloma
Definition
Bones: pain, destruction, hypercalcemia
Blood: impaired blood cell production (infection, anemia, weight loss, renal insufficiency)
Neuro: neurological disorders (if in spinal cord), weakness
Term
treatment of myeloma
Definition
the big 3 (chemo, radiation, stem cell transplant)
as well as THALIDAMIDE
Term
anemia
Definition
low RBC count or Hb
caused by:
loss (blood loss)
destruction (hemolytic anemia)
or underproduction
Term
clinical manifestations of anemia
Definition
headache (due to hypoxia)
tachycardia
dyspnea
angina
and obvious stuff
Term
3 categories of compensation for anemia
Definition
Blood flow: increase that of oxygenated blood, shunt to vital organs
RBC development: increase 2,3DPG in RBCs; increase EPO production
& O2 affinity: decrease Hb affinity so it gets released into tissues more easily
Term
phenotypic classifications of RBCs
Definition
cell size: normo-/macro-/microcytic
cell color: normo-/hypo-/hyperchromic
Term
Blood Loss Anemia
Definition
lack of blood due to blood loss
Term
Acute vs. Chronic Blood Loss Anemia
Definition
Acute: normocytic, normochromic
chronic: can be microcytic, and hypochromic due to iron depletion
Term
Hemolytic Anemia
Definition
RBC's lysed, Hb released
iron is retained so normochromic/normocytic
jaundice: elevated bilirubin due to liver damage--waste from lysed cells clogging the filter
Term
clinical manifestations of a hemolytic transfusion reaction
& course of action
Definition
Blood: anemia, jaundice, pallor, hematuria
Neuro: weakness, fatigue, headache
Cardiopulmonary: chest pain, tachycardia, tachypnea
&: stop transfusion, notify physician
Term
Sickle cell
Definition
normocytic/-chromic anemia caused by "sickle" shaped RBCs r/t beta chain substitution in hemoglobin protein (HbS)
Term
Why sickle cell trait is dangerous
Definition
in their irreversibly sickled state, RBCs lose their pliability and become more cohesive--> occlusion--> ischemia/infarction
Term
Sickle-Promoting Factors
Definition
SPInACH causes sickling:
Stress
Physical exertion
Infection
Acidosis
Cold
Hypoxia
treatment involves reducing these factors
Term
Clinical Manifestations of Sickle Cell
Definition
decreased life span--> anemia
hemolysis--> jaundice
vaso-occlusive events (capillary stasis, thrombosis, pain, hypoxia, stroke)
Term
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Definition
common cause
dietary deficiency
microcytic, hypochromic anemia, irregular shape/size
Term
Diets at risk for iron deficiency
Definition
vegetarian, pescatarian, and vegan
Term
treatment for iron deficiency
Definition
control loss, increase uptake
Term
Polycythemia
Definition
Hct >50%
Absolute primary (vera): marrow increase in RBC production (accompanied by overproduction of other blood cells)
absolute secondary: high EPO production r/t chronic hypoxia (COPD, heart failure)
relative: depletion of plasma
Term
S&S of Polycythemia Vera
Definition
blood: viscosity, thrombosis, HTN
Neuro: aches and joint pain, weakness/fatigue, dizziness & vision/hearing impairment
Viscera: hepato/splenomegaly
Term
treatment of polycythemia vera
Definition
phelobotomy & chemo
Term
intrinsic vs. extrinsic pathway activation
Definition
collagen release vs. tissue thromboplastin release
Term
end result of coagulation phase of hemostasis
Definition
fibrin clot
Term
The effect of liver disease on clotting.
Definition
Liver synthesizes clotting factors: liver disease--> poor clotting
Term
Causes of Bleeding Disorders
Definition
Vit. K deficiency (helps develop clotting factors)
hemophelia, liver disease
vessel integrity: vit. C deficiency, age, cushing's
Term
thrombocytopenia
Definition
abnormality in quality/quantity of platelets
Term
causes of thrombocytopenia
Definition
decreased synthesis, increased apoptosis, splenic sequestration r/t liver disease/lymphoma, dilution r/t massive transfusion
Term
S&S of thrombocytopenia
Definition
platelet count: <150,000/mcL; 10-20,000/mcL--> risk for intracranial bleeding
erythema, petechiae, purpura
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