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patho exam 2
cardiovascular, lungs
22
Nursing
Graduate
08/12/2013

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Cards

Term
Homocysteine
Definition
amino acid that is abundant in animal protein
inhibits elements of the anticoagulant cascade; associated with endothelial damage (possibly r/t the development of atherosclerosis
Term
C-Reactive Protein
CRP
Definition
marker for systemic inflammation
baseline CRP levels can predict future cardiovascular events
major infections, trauma, acute hospitalization can elevate CRP 100 fold or more
Term
Troponin
Definition
Cardiac specific serum biomarker for acute coronary syndromes (ACS's)
primary biomarker test for the diagnosis of MI
begin 3 hours, last 7-10 days
Term
Myoglobins
Definition
serum biomarker for ACS's but NOT cardiac specific (also in skeletal muscle)
oxygen-carrying protein, similar to hemoglobin
begin 1 hr peak 4-8 hrs
Term
Collateral circulation
Definition
channels that permit perfusion of an area by more than one artery, when one becomes occluded, these increase in size allowing blood flow through patent arteries - most efficient when obstruction is gradual
Term
Prinzmetal angina
variant angina
Definition
vasospastic angina, a form of chronic ischemic heart disease caused by coronary artery spasm
occurs during rest, with minimal exercise, nocturnally
Term
cardiomegaly
Definition
enlarged heart
Term
myocarditis
Definition
inflammation of heart muscle by VIRUS
causes cardiac injury, followed by an immunological response that may continue for long after the offending agent has been eliminated
Term
Cor Pulmonale
Definition
right-sided heart failure by long-term high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle of the hear
Term
ejection fraction
Definition
percentage of the diastolic volume that is ejected from the heart during systole
Term
cardiac output
Definition
determinant of cardiac performance
CO=HR x ST
Term
ventilation-perfusion mismatch
Definition
dead air space (vent no perf) and shunt (perf no vent) create a mismatch, so that gas exchange does not occur
(COPD has both)
Term
hypoxia
Definition
inadequate supply of oxygen to tissue despite adequate perfusion of blood
Term
hypercapnia
Definition
excess amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood
Term
vital capacity
Definition
amount of air that can be exhaled from the point of maximal inspiration
VC=IRV+ TV + ERV
Term
unstable angina
Definition
insufficient blood flow to heart muscles causing chest pain, resolves before tissue death occurs - partial thickness blockage of coronary artery
no serum markers for infarct, no elevation of ST
Term
NSTEMI
Non-ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Definition
partial thickness blockage of coronary artery - less serious than stemi - some tissue necrosis, serum blood markers present for necrosis, ST segment not elevated
Term
STEMI
ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Definition
full thickness blockage of coronary artery, most serious
ST elevation, serum blood markers for necrosis
Term
Acidosis
Definition
serum pH of less than 7.35
Term
Alkalosis
Definition
serum pH of greater than 7.45
Term
DIC
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Definition
widespread activation of the coagulation system with resultant formation of fibrin clots and thrombotic occlusion of small and mid-sized vessels - exhaust clotting factors and may induce severe bleeding
contributes to MODS
Term
MODS
Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome
Definition
altered organ fxn in an acutely ill pt - homeostasis cannot be maintained w/o intervention - can affect kidneys, lungs, liver, brain and hear - mortality 30-100% depending on how many organs affected
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