Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| adrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulates adrenaline, cortisol response to stress |
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Term
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Definition
| response to stress, increases blood sugar |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| sympathetic division and parasympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the norm, repose and repair |
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Term
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Definition
| dialtes pupils, increase heart rate, increase vasoconstriction, decreases digestive motility |
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Term
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Definition
| pupillary constriction, increased vasodilation, increases gastric motility |
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Term
| resistance stage of seyles general adaptation syndrome |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| corticotropin, ACTH, angiotensin II, cortisol, ADH |
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Term
| stage 3 of general adapation syndrom |
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Definition
| exhaustion: possible development of stress related illness |
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Term
| negative effect of catecholamines on tissues and cells |
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Definition
| could suppress immune responses, lowering the body's defenses |
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Term
| factors that affect ability to adapt |
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Definition
| age, health state, time, nutrition, psychosocial support, etc |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal, flashbacks |
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Term
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Definition
| medication that stimulates a physiological response |
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Term
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Definition
| medications that stimulate the autonomic nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| blockers, stop natural physiological responses, beta blockers |
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Term
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Definition
| blood vessels -constriction, eyes- pupil dilation, bladder- contraction |
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Term
| Beta 1 receptors on heart |
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Definition
| positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart, increased reate of conduction through av node |
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Term
| beta 1 receptors on kidney |
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Definition
| increased renin secretion, increased angiotensin, increased blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| arterioles- vasodilation, lungs- bronchodilation, GI tract- decreased peristalsis, Liver- activation of glycogenolysis=increased blood sugar, uterus- relaxation of the smooth muscle |
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Term
| parasympathetic reponses- primary neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| parasympathetic response effects |
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Definition
| pupil constriction, constriction of bronchioles, decreased heart rate, dilation of arterioles= decreased blood pressure, increased peristalsis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| non selective alpha blockers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that stimulate the PSNS |
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Term
| two types of cholinergics |
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Definition
| muscarinic and nicotinic receptors |
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Term
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Definition
| effects- stimulates smooth muscles and slows heart rate |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| heart rate and BP go down, increased peristalsis, stimulates urination, pupilary constriction, increased tears salivation, increased broncial secretions |
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Term
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Definition
| by occupying the receptors where acetylcholine would go, thereby inhibiting its action |
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Term
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Definition
| "useful pain" - alerts person of injury, diseases.. etc |
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Term
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Definition
| useless! interferes with QOL |
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Term
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Definition
| area of skin supplied by a single nerve |
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Term
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Definition
| internal organs, appendicits |
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Term
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Definition
| deep body pain- muscles joints, DIFFUSEd pain, can't pinpoint |
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Term
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Definition
| superficial structures- paper cut |
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Term
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Definition
| peripheral nervces are affected by injury or disease, stabbing cutting feeling |
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Term
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Definition
| pain felt elsewhere than source |
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Term
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Definition
| point at which "pressure" becomes pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| level of pain at which analgesics are needed |
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Term
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Definition
| 1- aspirin nsaids, 2- codeine, 3- morpheine oxycodone |
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Term
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Definition
| respond to several forms of stimulation, including mechanical, thermal and chemical. |
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Term
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Definition
| stressors that produces a response |
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Term
| increases water retention by the kidneys |
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Definition
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Term
| Regulation of heart rate and vasomotor tone |
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Definition
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Term
| physiologic changes in the neuro endocrine, autonomic, and immune systems in response to real or perceived challenges to homeostasi |
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Definition
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Term
| ability of body systems to increase tehir function given the need to adapt |
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Definition
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Term
| enhances stress induced release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary |
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Definition
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Term
| a personality characteristic that includes a sense of having control over the environment |
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Definition
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Term
| supresses osteoblast activity, hemotopoiesis, and protein synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| stimulates the adrenal gland to synthesize and secrete the glucocorticoid hormones |
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Definition
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Term
| factors used to create a new balance between a stressor and the ability to deal with it |
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Definition
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Term
| awareness of the stimuli, localization and discrimination of their characteristics and interpreation of their meaning |
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Definition
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Term
| the perception of tactual, proprioceptive or gut sensations |
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Definition
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Term
| convey cutaneous pressure and touch sensation, cold sensation, mechanical pain and heat pain |
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Definition
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Term
| respond to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli |
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Definition
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Term
| transmit information from cutaneous and subcutaneous mechanoreceptors |
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Definition
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Term
| circulation to a cooled area undergoes alternating periods of pallor caused by ischemia and flushing caused by hyperemia |
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Definition
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Term
| receives primary sensory information by way of direct projections from the thalamus |
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Definition
| primary somatosensory cortex |
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Term
| sensory threshold is raised |
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Definition
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Term
| convey warm-hot sensation and mechanica and chemical as well as heat and cold induced pain sensation |
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Definition
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Term
| transmit information about muscle length and tendon stretch |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| detect touch and pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| elongated encapsulated nerve ending that is present in nonhairy parts of the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| are responsible for giving stead-state signals that allow for continuous determination of touch against the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulated by rapid movements of the tissues and adapts within a few hundredths of a second |
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Term
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Definition
| unmyelinated fibers entwined around most of the length of the hair follicle that detect movement on the surface of the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What defines penetration as a transmission? |
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Definition
| cut, surgery, needle prick, when skin barrier is compromised |
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Term
| What defines direct contact as a transmission? |
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Definition
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Term
| a toxin hurts its host by.. |
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Definition
| being released by the microorganism/pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| toxins within the cell that are released that kill the cell from within. a physical part of the bacteria |
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Term
| virulence is what makes... |
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Definition
| us successful at getting sick |
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Term
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Definition
| is the ability of a pathogen to attach to host and cause damage |
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Term
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Definition
| are all the efforts of the pathogen to evade our attempt to fight it. anything that helps them survive our attack |
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Term
| what is innate/natural immunity? |
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Definition
| barriers, agents and responses |
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Term
| what is acquired/specific immunity? |
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Definition
| recoginition, learning, memory, self-discrimination. |
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Term
| what is one side effect of fever? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is humoral immunity? |
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Definition
| B cells, eliminates bacterial invaders, neautralizes toxins, and produces and secretes immunoglobulins/antibodies |
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Term
| what are the 5 classes of antibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is cell mediated immunity? |
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Definition
| T lymphocytes, effector cells.. regulator cells |
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Term
| what are cytotoxic cells? |
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Definition
| Killer T cells, destroy antigens |
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Term
| What do Natural Killer T cells do? |
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Definition
| destroy cancer cells and do immune surveillance |
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Term
| what are regulator cells? |
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Definition
| Helper T cells and supressor T cells |
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Term
| What do helper t cells release? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a primary deficent immune response? |
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Definition
| genetic/congenital, or acquired (AIDS) |
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Term
| What is a secondary deficient immune response? |
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Definition
| defective or excessive neuroendocrine response. everything but genetic and acquired |
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Term
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Definition
| primary infection, latent period, OVERT AIDS |
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Term
| two diseases associated with HIV, oppotunistic |
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Definition
| P. jiroveci, kaposi's sarcoma |
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Term
| What is type 1 hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| IGE involvement, release of inflammaotry mediators, ALLERGIEESS |
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Term
| What is type 2 hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| IgG and IgM, complement/antibody mediated cell desrtruction/inflammation. antibody mediated cellular dysfunction |
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Term
| What is type 3 hyper sensitivity? |
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Definition
| antigen-antibody complex deposition in tissues, results in tissue inflammation and destruction, glomerulonephritis, lupus |
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Term
| What is type 4 hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
| direct cell mediated toxicity, delayed type hypersensitivity disorders.. contact hypersensitivity/dyes, chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| a physiological response to tissue injury |
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Term
| inflammation is aslo the beginning of the... |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 purposes of inlammation |
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Definition
| neutralize and destroy invading agents, limit spread of harmful agents to other tissue and prepare damaged tissue for repair. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is exogenous injury? |
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Definition
| trauma, surgery, and burns- chemical and thermal |
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Term
| what is an endogenous injury? |
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Definition
| Mycocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism |
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Term
| what are the two stages of acute inflammation? |
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Definition
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Term
| describe the vascular stage of Acute inflamm... 5 steps |
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Definition
| RAPID vasodilation of arterioles in injured area, increase capillary permeability, release of fluids that move out of capillaries into tissue, blood flow stagnation promotes clot formation, results in DILUTION of agent |
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Term
| white blood cells are known as.. |
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Definition
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Term
| two key types of leukocytes that parcipate in the acute inflammatory response |
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Definition
| neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages |
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Term
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Definition
| condition where there is an increase in circulating white blood cells... (white blood cell+condition) |
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Term
| Neutrophils arrive how fast to injury site? |
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Definition
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Term
| Neutrophils act on foreign material and dead cells through.. |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the body releases neutrophils? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| through dead neutrophils and cellular debris |
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Term
| After the neutrophils.. by 48 hours after injury..comes the... |
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Definition
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Term
| What do monocytes do at injury site? |
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Definition
| transform into macroPHAGES- eat inflammatory debris. They clean the area so healing can begin.. like trash-men after ACL fest. poor zilker park. |
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Term
| Five parts of leukocyte response |
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Definition
| Margination/adhesion, transmigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis. |
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Term
| What are the three steps of phagocytosis? |
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Definition
| Opsonization, engulfment, intracellular killing |
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Term
| what are some other cells responsible for immune responses? |
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Definition
| eosinophils, basophils, mast cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in allergic and parasitic responses, release chemical "mediators" |
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Term
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Definition
| Contain histamine and other inflammatory mediators and vasoactive agents |
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Term
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Definition
| found on mucosal surfaces: lung, GI tract, skin. release chemical mediators and initiate VASCULAR RESPONSE. like rent-a-cops with walkie talkies. |
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Term
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Definition
| dilation and increased permeability of capillaries... remember flushed skin, red eyes during allergic reaction |
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Term
| What do cytokines and chemokines do? |
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Definition
| they regulate the function of other cells |
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Term
| What is a platelet activating factor? |
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Definition
| Induces platelet aggregation, duh. |
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Term
| Plasma proteins are included in what systems? |
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Definition
| the clotting, complement, and kinin systems |
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Term
| Arachidonic Acid Metabolites do what? |
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Definition
| initiate the production of INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. they hire the rent a cops. |
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Term
| what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation |
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Definition
| redness (erythema) swelling (edema) heat, pain and loss of function. |
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Term
| What are some clinical manifestations of infection/injury? |
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Definition
| FEVER, fever! leukocytosis, and increased circulating plasma proteins |
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Term
| Chronic inflammation can result in... |
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Definition
| Infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes, formation of granulomas, and a higher risk of SCARRING. |
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Term
| what are some causes of chronic inflammation? list pathogenic stuff |
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Definition
| foreign bodies, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites |
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Term
| What are some factors that affect wound healing? |
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Definition
| oxygen levels, impaired immune responses, malnutrition, blood flow to affected site, more infection. |
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Term
| What are some examples of dysfunctional wound healing? |
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Definition
| KELOIDS, overgrowth of scar tissue, and Hypertrophic scar tissue.. contractures and dehiscence |
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Term
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Definition
| programmed cell death, it is marked by shrinkage of the cell, and ends in fragmentation into a membrane bound body(ies) that is phagocytosis..ized. |
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Term
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Definition
| localized tissue death, in a specific area, happens in response to disease or injury |
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Term
| What happens to cells during atrophy? |
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Definition
| The body decreases their size in order to prevent unnecessary oxygen, nutrient loss.. Happens when tissue is unused. Results in fewer cellular organelles as well. (Think of Misty's leg) |
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Term
| What happens to cells during hypertrophy? |
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Definition
| Cellular size increases, because of an increase in usage, physiological hypertrophy= muscle building, compensatory hypertrophy=removing part of an organ results in remaining parts to enlarge. NEAT. |
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Term
| What happens to cells during Hyperplasia? |
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Definition
| the number of cells in an organ or tissue is increased, occurs in cells that can reproduce mitotically. such as the epidermis GI epithelium and glandular tissue |
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Term
| What happens to cells during metaplasia? |
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Definition
| Conversion of a cell into a different type of cell to adjust to environment, reversible. |
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Term
| What happens to cells during dysplasia? |
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Definition
| characterized by deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization. |
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Term
| Where are plasma derived mediators synthesized? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where are cell derived mediators sequestered? |
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Definition
| in intracellular granules that need to be secreted. these are released by cells and present at the site of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| a cytokine induced upward displacement of the SET POINT of the hypothalmic thermoregulatory center. |
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Term
| where does body heat come from? how does body control overall temperature? |
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Definition
| The core, metabolism based. The body will confine blood the inner core, creating a higher core temp, which makes the body hotter as a whole. |
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Term
| After the body temperature rises, homeostasis kicks in and... |
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Definition
| causes vasodilation, causes temperature to fall back down, then you sweat... goes back and forth.. |
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Term
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Definition
| any microorganism capable of producing disease. |
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Term
| What defines a congenital disease/disorder? |
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Definition
| it was present at/before birth |
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Term
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Definition
| pathogens that stick to surfaces |
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Term
| what is a nosocomial infection? |
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Definition
| an infection acquired during a hospital stay, that blows. |
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Term
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Definition
| The presence of pathogenic materials within the blood or tissues, or their toxins. |
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Term
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Definition
| toxins in the blood. or blood poisoning. break down the word. |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria in the blood.. bacteremia |
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Term
| What are some mechanisms of transmission of pathogens? |
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Definition
| Penetration, direct contact, ingestion, inhalation |
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Term
| What is vector transmission? |
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Definition
| transmission through a carrier, mosquitos, ticks etc |
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Term
| What are some mechanisms of disease production? or virulence factors.. |
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Definition
| Toxins released by pathogen, adhesive factors, evasive factors, invasive factors |
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Term
| What are the four stages of infection? |
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Definition
| INCUBATION, prodromal, acute, and resolution |
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Term
| What are some gram positive cocci? |
|
Definition
| staphylococcus aureus, streptococci pyogenes, streptococcus pneumonie |
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|
Term
| What can streptococci cause? |
|
Definition
| pharyngitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, otitis media |
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|
Term
| What can streptococcus pneuominae cause? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some gram negative Bacilli? |
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Definition
| Eschercia coli, pseudomonas, salmonella |
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Term
| What is a venereal disease |
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Definition
| STD- neisseria gonorrhoeae. grossss |
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Term
| What are some endotoxins? |
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Definition
| Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens..Food poisoning |
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|
Term
| What are some common symptoms of infection? |
|
Definition
| Fever, myalgia, headache, lethargy, leukocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some symptoms of septic shock? |
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Definition
| Hypotension, fever, leukocytosis, hypovolemia, cognitive and behavioral changes. |
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Term
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Definition
| more primitive and less understood than viruses, like fragments. has no RNA or DNA |
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Term
|
Definition
| intracelllular pathogens, no organelle structures, but have a protein coat, a capsid surrounding a nucleic acid core with either RNA or DNA, never both. |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular prokaryotes capable of independent replication. 1/3 size of bacteria, but have no peptidoglycan cell wall. so they have variable visibility. |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristics of both viruses and bacteria, depend on host cell for nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| lipopolysaccharides found in the cell wall of gram neg bacteria. cause a different host response than exotoxin |
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Term
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Definition
| proteins released from the bacterial cell during growth, releases stuff that results in cellular death |
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