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PATHO EXAM 1
stress, ans on cellular level, pain mgmt.
170
Pathology
Undergraduate 3
01/16/2012

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Term
corticotrophin
Definition
stimulates ACTH
Term
ACTH
Definition
adrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulates adrenaline, cortisol response to stress
Term
cortisol
Definition
response to stress, increases blood sugar
Term
stress
Definition
disrupted homeostasis
Term
central nervous system
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system
Term
ANS has two parts
Definition
sympathetic division and parasympathetic
Term
sympathetic division
Definition
fight or flight
Term
parasympathetic dvision
Definition
the norm, repose and repair
Term
SNS
Definition
dialtes pupils, increase heart rate, increase vasoconstriction, decreases digestive motility
Term
PSNS
Definition
pupillary constriction, increased vasodilation, increases gastric motility
Term
resistance stage of seyles general adaptation syndrome
Definition
body copes with stress
Term
neuroendocrine responses
Definition
corticotropin, ACTH, angiotensin II, cortisol, ADH
Term
stage 3 of general adapation syndrom
Definition
exhaustion: possible development of stress related illness
Term
negative effect of catecholamines on tissues and cells
Definition
could suppress immune responses, lowering the body's defenses
Term
factors that affect ability to adapt
Definition
age, health state, time, nutrition, psychosocial support, etc
Term
stress disorders
Definition
acute, chronic, and ptsd
Term
effects of ptsd
Definition
intrusion, avoidance, hyperarousal, flashbacks
Term
agonist
Definition
medication that stimulates a physiological response
Term
adrenergic
Definition
medications that stimulate the autonomic nervous system
Term
antagonists
Definition
blockers, stop natural physiological responses, beta blockers
Term
alpha 1 receptors
Definition
blood vessels -constriction, eyes- pupil dilation, bladder- contraction
Term
Beta 1 receptors on heart
Definition
positive inotropic and chronotropic effects on heart, increased reate of conduction through av node
Term
beta 1 receptors on kidney
Definition
increased renin secretion, increased angiotensin, increased blood pressure
Term
Beta 2 receptors
Definition
arterioles- vasodilation, lungs- bronchodilation, GI tract- decreased peristalsis, Liver- activation of glycogenolysis=increased blood sugar, uterus- relaxation of the smooth muscle
Term
parasympathetic reponses- primary neurotransmitter
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
parasympathetic response effects
Definition
pupil constriction, constriction of bronchioles, decreased heart rate, dilation of arterioles= decreased blood pressure, increased peristalsis
Term
selective alpha blockers
Definition
only block alpha 1
Term
non selective alpha blockers
Definition
block alpha 1 and 2
Term
cholinergics
Definition
drugs that stimulate the PSNS
Term
two types of cholinergics
Definition
muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
Term
muscarinic
Definition
effects- stimulates smooth muscles and slows heart rate
Term
nicotinic receptrors
Definition
affect skeletal muscles
Term
effects of cholinergics
Definition
heart rate and BP go down, increased peristalsis, stimulates urination, pupilary constriction, increased tears salivation, increased broncial secretions
Term
anticholinergics work...
Definition
by occupying the receptors where acetylcholine would go, thereby inhibiting its action
Term
acute pain
Definition
"useful pain" - alerts person of injury, diseases.. etc
Term
chronic pain
Definition
useless! interferes with QOL
Term
dermatomes
Definition
area of skin supplied by a single nerve
Term
visceral pain
Definition
internal organs, appendicits
Term
deep somatic pain
Definition
deep body pain- muscles joints, DIFFUSEd pain, can't pinpoint
Term
cutaneous pain
Definition
superficial structures- paper cut
Term
neuropathic pain
Definition
peripheral nervces are affected by injury or disease, stabbing cutting feeling
Term
referred pain
Definition
pain felt elsewhere than source
Term
pain threshold
Definition
point at which "pressure" becomes pain.
Term
pain tolerance
Definition
level of pain at which analgesics are needed
Term
pain treatment ladder
Definition
1- aspirin nsaids, 2- codeine, 3- morpheine oxycodone
Term
what is a nociceptor?
Definition
respond to several forms of stimulation, including mechanical, thermal and chemical.
Term
conditioning factor
Definition
stressors that produces a response
Term
increases water retention by the kidneys
Definition
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
Term
Regulation of heart rate and vasomotor tone
Definition
Baroreflex
Term
physiologic changes in the neuro endocrine, autonomic, and immune systems in response to real or perceived challenges to homeostasi
Definition
allostasis
Term
ability of body systems to increase tehir function given the need to adapt
Definition
physiologic reserve
Term
enhances stress induced release of vasopressin from the posterior pituitary
Definition
angiotensis 2
Term
a personality characteristic that includes a sense of having control over the environment
Definition
hardiness
Term
supresses osteoblast activity, hemotopoiesis, and protein synthesis
Definition
cortisol
Term
stimulates the adrenal gland to synthesize and secrete the glucocorticoid hormones
Definition
ACTH
Term
factors used to create a new balance between a stressor and the ability to deal with it
Definition
coping mechanisms
Term
awareness of the stimuli, localization and discrimination of their characteristics and interpreation of their meaning
Definition
perception
Term
the perception of tactual, proprioceptive or gut sensations
Definition
somethesia
Term
convey cutaneous pressure and touch sensation, cold sensation, mechanical pain and heat pain
Definition
type A fibers
Term
respond to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli
Definition
polymodal receptors
Term
transmit information from cutaneous and subcutaneous mechanoreceptors
Definition
TYPE B fibers
Term
circulation to a cooled area undergoes alternating periods of pallor caused by ischemia and flushing caused by hyperemia
Definition
hunting reflex
Term
receives primary sensory information by way of direct projections from the thalamus
Definition
primary somatosensory cortex
Term
sensory threshold is raised
Definition
hyperpathia
Term
convey warm-hot sensation and mechanica and chemical as well as heat and cold induced pain sensation
Definition
Type c fibers
Term
transmit information about muscle length and tendon stretch
Definition
type A(a) fibers
Term
free nerve endings
Definition
detect touch and pressure
Term
meissner corpuscles
Definition
elongated encapsulated nerve ending that is present in nonhairy parts of the skin
Term
merkel disks
Definition
are responsible for giving stead-state signals that allow for continuous determination of touch against the skin
Term
pacinian corpuscles
Definition
stimulated by rapid movements of the tissues and adapts within a few hundredths of a second
Term
hair follicle end organs
Definition
unmyelinated fibers entwined around most of the length of the hair follicle that detect movement on the surface of the body
Term
ruffini end organs
Definition
found in joint capsules
Term
What defines penetration as a transmission?
Definition
cut, surgery, needle prick, when skin barrier is compromised
Term
What defines direct contact as a transmission?
Definition
Term
a toxin hurts its host by..
Definition
being released by the microorganism/pathogen
Term
what are endotoxins?
Definition
toxins within the cell that are released that kill the cell from within. a physical part of the bacteria
Term
virulence is what makes...
Definition
us successful at getting sick
Term
an adhesion factor..
Definition
is the ability of a pathogen to attach to host and cause damage
Term
evasive factors..
Definition
are all the efforts of the pathogen to evade our attempt to fight it. anything that helps them survive our attack
Term
what is innate/natural immunity?
Definition
barriers, agents and responses
Term
what is acquired/specific immunity?
Definition
recoginition, learning, memory, self-discrimination.
Term
what is one side effect of fever?
Definition
enhances phagocytosis
Term
What is humoral immunity?
Definition
B cells, eliminates bacterial invaders, neautralizes toxins, and produces and secretes immunoglobulins/antibodies
Term
what are the 5 classes of antibodies?
Definition
IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD
Term
What is cell mediated immunity?
Definition
T lymphocytes, effector cells.. regulator cells
Term
what are cytotoxic cells?
Definition
Killer T cells, destroy antigens
Term
What do Natural Killer T cells do?
Definition
destroy cancer cells and do immune surveillance
Term
what are regulator cells?
Definition
Helper T cells and supressor T cells
Term
What do helper t cells release?
Definition
lymphokines
Term
What is a primary deficent immune response?
Definition
genetic/congenital, or acquired (AIDS)
Term
What is a secondary deficient immune response?
Definition
defective or excessive neuroendocrine response. everything but genetic and acquired
Term
three phases of HIV
Definition
primary infection, latent period, OVERT AIDS
Term
two diseases associated with HIV, oppotunistic
Definition
P. jiroveci, kaposi's sarcoma
Term
What is type 1 hypersensitivity?
Definition
IGE involvement, release of inflammaotry mediators, ALLERGIEESS
Term
What is type 2 hypersensitivity?
Definition
IgG and IgM, complement/antibody mediated cell desrtruction/inflammation. antibody mediated cellular dysfunction
Term
What is type 3 hyper sensitivity?
Definition
antigen-antibody complex deposition in tissues, results in tissue inflammation and destruction, glomerulonephritis, lupus
Term
What is type 4 hypersensitivity?
Definition
direct cell mediated toxicity, delayed type hypersensitivity disorders.. contact hypersensitivity/dyes, chemicals
Term
inflammation
Definition
a physiological response to tissue injury
Term
inflammation is aslo the beginning of the...
Definition
healing process
Term
3 purposes of inlammation
Definition
neutralize and destroy invading agents, limit spread of harmful agents to other tissue and prepare damaged tissue for repair.
Term
2 types of inflammation
Definition
acute and chronic
Term
what is exogenous injury?
Definition
trauma, surgery, and burns- chemical and thermal
Term
what is an endogenous injury?
Definition
Mycocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism
Term
what are the two stages of acute inflammation?
Definition
vascular and cellular
Term
describe the vascular stage of Acute inflamm... 5 steps
Definition
RAPID vasodilation of arterioles in injured area, increase capillary permeability, release of fluids that move out of capillaries into tissue, blood flow stagnation promotes clot formation, results in DILUTION of agent
Term
white blood cells are known as..
Definition
leukocytes
Term
two key types of leukocytes that parcipate in the acute inflammatory response
Definition
neutrophils and monocytes/macrophages
Term
what is leukocytosis
Definition
condition where there is an increase in circulating white blood cells... (white blood cell+condition)
Term
Neutrophils arrive how fast to injury site?
Definition
within 90 minutes
Term
Neutrophils act on foreign material and dead cells through..
Definition
phagocytosis
Term
What part of the body releases neutrophils?
Definition
bone maroowww (neutrooo)
Term
How does pus accumulate?
Definition
through dead neutrophils and cellular debris
Term
After the neutrophils.. by 48 hours after injury..comes the...
Definition
Monocytes!
Term
What do monocytes do at injury site?
Definition
transform into macroPHAGES- eat inflammatory debris. They clean the area so healing can begin.. like trash-men after ACL fest. poor zilker park.
Term
Five parts of leukocyte response
Definition
Margination/adhesion, transmigration, chemotaxis, phagocytosis.
Term
What are the three steps of phagocytosis?
Definition
Opsonization, engulfment, intracellular killing
Term
what are some other cells responsible for immune responses?
Definition
eosinophils, basophils, mast cells.
Term
what do eosinophils do?
Definition
involved in allergic and parasitic responses, release chemical "mediators"
Term
What do basophils do?
Definition
Contain histamine and other inflammatory mediators and vasoactive agents
Term
What do mast cells do?
Definition
found on mucosal surfaces: lung, GI tract, skin. release chemical mediators and initiate VASCULAR RESPONSE. like rent-a-cops with walkie talkies.
Term
What does histamine do>
Definition
dilation and increased permeability of capillaries... remember flushed skin, red eyes during allergic reaction
Term
What do cytokines and chemokines do?
Definition
they regulate the function of other cells
Term
What is a platelet activating factor?
Definition
Induces platelet aggregation, duh.
Term
Plasma proteins are included in what systems?
Definition
the clotting, complement, and kinin systems
Term
Arachidonic Acid Metabolites do what?
Definition
initiate the production of INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS. they hire the rent a cops.
Term
what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation
Definition
redness (erythema) swelling (edema) heat, pain and loss of function.
Term
What are some clinical manifestations of infection/injury?
Definition
FEVER, fever! leukocytosis, and increased circulating plasma proteins
Term
Chronic inflammation can result in...
Definition
Infiltration of macrophages and lymphocytes, formation of granulomas, and a higher risk of SCARRING.
Term
what are some causes of chronic inflammation? list pathogenic stuff
Definition
foreign bodies, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites
Term
What are some factors that affect wound healing?
Definition
oxygen levels, impaired immune responses, malnutrition, blood flow to affected site, more infection.
Term
What are some examples of dysfunctional wound healing?
Definition
KELOIDS, overgrowth of scar tissue, and Hypertrophic scar tissue.. contractures and dehiscence
Term
what is apoptosis?
Definition
programmed cell death, it is marked by shrinkage of the cell, and ends in fragmentation into a membrane bound body(ies) that is phagocytosis..ized.
Term
What is necrosis?
Definition
localized tissue death, in a specific area, happens in response to disease or injury
Term
What happens to cells during atrophy?
Definition
The body decreases their size in order to prevent unnecessary oxygen, nutrient loss.. Happens when tissue is unused. Results in fewer cellular organelles as well. (Think of Misty's leg)
Term
What happens to cells during hypertrophy?
Definition
Cellular size increases, because of an increase in usage, physiological hypertrophy= muscle building, compensatory hypertrophy=removing part of an organ results in remaining parts to enlarge. NEAT.
Term
What happens to cells during Hyperplasia?
Definition
the number of cells in an organ or tissue is increased, occurs in cells that can reproduce mitotically. such as the epidermis GI epithelium and glandular tissue
Term
What happens to cells during metaplasia?
Definition
Conversion of a cell into a different type of cell to adjust to environment, reversible.
Term
What happens to cells during dysplasia?
Definition
characterized by deranged cell growth of a specific tissue that results in cells that vary in size, shape, and organization.
Term
Where are plasma derived mediators synthesized?
Definition
The liver..
Term
Where are cell derived mediators sequestered?
Definition
in intracellular granules that need to be secreted. these are released by cells and present at the site of inflammation
Term
what causes a fever?
Definition
a cytokine induced upward displacement of the SET POINT of the hypothalmic thermoregulatory center.
Term
where does body heat come from? how does body control overall temperature?
Definition
The core, metabolism based. The body will confine blood the inner core, creating a higher core temp, which makes the body hotter as a whole.
Term
After the body temperature rises, homeostasis kicks in and...
Definition
causes vasodilation, causes temperature to fall back down, then you sweat... goes back and forth..
Term
what is a pathogen?
Definition
any microorganism capable of producing disease.
Term
What defines a congenital disease/disorder?
Definition
it was present at/before birth
Term
What are fomites?!
Definition
pathogens that stick to surfaces
Term
what is a nosocomial infection?
Definition
an infection acquired during a hospital stay, that blows.
Term
What is sepsis?
Definition
The presence of pathogenic materials within the blood or tissues, or their toxins.
Term
What is toxemia?
Definition
toxins in the blood. or blood poisoning. break down the word.
Term
What is septicemia?
Definition
bacteria in the blood.. bacteremia
Term
What are some mechanisms of transmission of pathogens?
Definition
Penetration, direct contact, ingestion, inhalation
Term
What is vector transmission?
Definition
transmission through a carrier, mosquitos, ticks etc
Term
What are some mechanisms of disease production? or virulence factors..
Definition
Toxins released by pathogen, adhesive factors, evasive factors, invasive factors
Term
What are the four stages of infection?
Definition
INCUBATION, prodromal, acute, and resolution
Term
What are some gram positive cocci?
Definition
staphylococcus aureus, streptococci pyogenes, streptococcus pneumonie
Term
What can streptococci cause?
Definition
pharyngitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, otitis media
Term
What can streptococcus pneuominae cause?
Definition
pneumonia, meningitis
Term
What are some gram negative Bacilli?
Definition
Eschercia coli, pseudomonas, salmonella
Term
What is a venereal disease
Definition
STD- neisseria gonorrhoeae. grossss
Term
What are some endotoxins?
Definition
Clostridium tetani, Clostridium perfringens..Food poisoning
Term
What are some common symptoms of infection?
Definition
Fever, myalgia, headache, lethargy, leukocytosis
Term
What is a CBC
Definition
complete blood count
Term
What are some symptoms of septic shock?
Definition
Hypotension, fever, leukocytosis, hypovolemia, cognitive and behavioral changes.
Term
What are prions?
Definition
more primitive and less understood than viruses, like fragments. has no RNA or DNA
Term
What are viruses?
Definition
intracelllular pathogens, no organelle structures, but have a protein coat, a capsid surrounding a nucleic acid core with either RNA or DNA, never both.
Term
What are microplasmas?
Definition
unicellular prokaryotes capable of independent replication. 1/3 size of bacteria, but have no peptidoglycan cell wall. so they have variable visibility.
Term
What are ricketssiae?
Definition
characteristics of both viruses and bacteria, depend on host cell for nutrients.
Term
what is an endotoxin?
Definition
lipopolysaccharides found in the cell wall of gram neg bacteria. cause a different host response than exotoxin
Term
What is an exotoxin?
Definition
proteins released from the bacterial cell during growth, releases stuff that results in cellular death
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