Term
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Definition
| In 40s, has higher incidence in Downs Syndrome population |
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Term
| thrombocytopenia (as r/t leukemia) |
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Definition
- low platelet count
- Often first sign of pediatric leukemia
- occurs hwne TNF is release from macrophages, Tnf inhibits eryhtropoietin, lowering amount of RBC and platelets |
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Term
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Definition
- i.e. DES
- causes higher incidence of cancer in exposed fetuses
-radiation, antigens, most foreign drugs and chemicals, including steroids and hormones |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs when cancer cells:
- release proteases that destroy healthy cells
-create angiotensin - a protein that creates new blood vessels to supply a developing tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| synthetic estrogen hormone given to pregnant woman. Led to higher incidences of cervical and testicular cancer in people exposed in utero. |
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Term
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Definition
-Adult caused by exposure related risk factors
- Childhood cancers are caused by embryonic mutation (usually r/t carcingon, antigen in fetal dvmpt)
---90% survival rate, including 10 yr w/o reoccurance
---typically monoclonal - derived from one cell |
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Term
| insertional mutatogenesis |
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Definition
- mutational germlines or alternations in the DNA that may can be cancer causing (code abnormal protein)
- rogue germline can transmit horiziontally and metastasize within the body or
- transmit vertically and effect genes in other generations |
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Term
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Definition
-inhibit oncogenes and abnormal growth of cells
-absent in retinoblastoma? |
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Term
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Definition
-pre-invasive epithelial tumor
- granuluar or squamous tissue
- has not broken through basement membrane
- does not yet have access to blood to metastasize
- most common in cervical, oral, esophageal, bronchial, and skin tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| - epithelial tumor that has broken through basement membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| - epithelial tumor that has broken through basement membrane |
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Term
| Undifferentiated Stem Cells |
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Definition
totipotent - cells from a 6-18 cell embryo - completely undifferenciated and can become any kind of cell with correct growth factor
pluripotent - partly differentiated |
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Term
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Definition
Different helper cells of NS:
1) astrocytes - support neurons
2) appendumial - line ventricles of CNS
3) microglial - macrophages of NS
4) oligodendrocytes - myelin sheaths of CNS
Swann cells - myelin sheaths of PNS |
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Term
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Definition
- receive NT from presynaptic cell
- small, can be many dendrites on a neuron |
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Term
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Definition
- releases NT, electrical impulses to post synaptic cell
- charged by action potential of the cell, polarization of N/Ka* gates |
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Term
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Definition
ACh - most common NT in the CNS. Stimulates parasympathetic NS
NE, E - Stimulate SNS
GABA - inhibitory NT
glutamatic acid - r/t dysfunction in ALS
Dopamine, serotonin, 5st, histamines can stimulate and inhibit |
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Term
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Definition
| speed up electrical transmission in NT |
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Term
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Definition
1) parasympathetic - cranial to sacral distribution of effects; ganglions are attached to PNS-assoc. organs
- Sympathetic NS has thoracolumar distribution; ganglions are located outside spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
- inhibitory NT
- utilized by benzoreceptors.
- stimulated by ACh and inhibited by Dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
-major motor/sensory relay stations
- all sensations go to thalamus and are directed for cerebral processing |
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Term
| CANCER CELLS ARE ANCHORAGE AND DENSITY INDEPENDENT |
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Definition
Normal cells are :
density dependent- stop growding when crowded
anchorage dependent-communicate toeach other to prevent overgrowth |
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Term
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Definition
-abnormal conformation of proteins in the brain that cause growths/plaques/vacuoles/holes in brain
- effects protein coding on chromosome 20
- Kuru, CJD, Fatal familial insomia, BSE |
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Term
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Definition
- incidence decreased to <10/yr
- presents as ataxia, mental change |
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Term
| CJD - Creutzfeld-Jacob Disease - (includes BSE) |
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Definition
- 5-15% autosomal dominance; mostly random cases
- Libyia, Africa, Slovakia
- presents acute dementia, parkinson -like syndromes, ataxia
- internally, vacuoles develop in spongiform tissue, # of neurons decrease, glial cells overgrow, no inflam. |
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Term
| Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome |
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Definition
| rare spinoerebellar degeneration, occurs in 40s. can be passed down and no signs of dementia, myoclonus (?) |
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Term
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Definition
| involuntary twitching of muscles |
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Term
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Definition
- midlife
-autosomal dominant
- sympathetic hyperactivity, insomnia, myoclonia |
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Term
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Definition
90% of spinal motor tracts - crosses over
gross motor function (CONTRALATERAL) |
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Term
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Definition
| 10% of motor tracts that does not cross over; is responsible of fine mvmt |
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Term
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Definition
-neospinothalamic, paleospinothalamic tracts
- 90%, do cross |
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Term
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Definition
1) Olfactory- smell
2) Optic -vision
8) Acoustic, vesticubulucochear- hearing, balance |
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Term
| neurodegenerative disorders |
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Definition
| amino acid conformations that cause proteins to chance and cummculate, forming plaques and holes that stop normal brain function |
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Term
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Definition
marked by hypokinesia and strong one sided tremor. slow, shaky movement and rigidity.
-an imbalance of ACh/Dopamine/GABA that causes problems in the pyramidal tract.
- Disorder of basal ganglia and failure of dopaminergic nigrostrial pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| reticular activating system - collection of nerve nuclei in brain stem that conreol poerions of vital, CV, resp function. Critical for awakefulness. |
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Term
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Definition
| sign of cerebral damage in which the eyes slump and follow a quick head turn - this is the opposite of normal function and an indication that CN III may be out of the brain stem |
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Term
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Definition
Hyperkinesia - spastic movement
- rare hereditary (autosomal dominant) disease
- degeneration of basal ganglia and cerebral cole
-alters motor function
- abnormal movement of face and arms |
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Term
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Definition
neurodegenerative disorder marked by neurofibril plaques and clusters.
ss: loss of memory, confusion in familar settings, mental and physical degeneration |
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Term
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Definition
- accompanied by bulbar palsy
- autoimmune reaction to myelin in CNS; T cells become hyperreactive to myelin proteins and cause inflammation which lead to plaques and lesions (gliosis) and glial scarring |
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Term
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Definition
-autoimmune disorder of neuromuscular juncion, causes muscle weakness, fatigue, affects facial muscles, 70-80% also have thymic tumors.
crisis->quad/paraplegia, resp failure |
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Term
| ALS- amyotropic lateral sclerosis |
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Definition
muscle mass atrophy r/t loss of muscle fiber and neural loss
- most common progressive motor neuron disease
- upper and lower motor degeneration
- signs: neuronal shrinkage, clumps of neurofilament in motor axons, lipotuscin accumulation, no inflammation
- motor loss -> symptom
upper- spasticity
lower- weakness
bulbar- difficult chewing, swallowing, exaggerated facial expression |
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Term
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Definition
| acute onset of motor paralysis, respiratory insufficiency, ANS instability that leads of CV, resp collapse |
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Term
| Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI) |
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Definition
loss of consciousness results of shaking or rotation of brain within cranium - causes strains, distortions, possibly encephalopathy.
can lead to prolonged trauma, coma |
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Term
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Definition
hippocampus, hypothalamus- control primal instinct of fear, anger, sex, satiety and emotions
- seizure in limbic system leads to A/V hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
A- large myelinated for speed. pain occurs in a specific location
C- lower, generalized pain can be hard to pinpoint and can often be redirected to other areas of the body |
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Term
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Definition
CNS VIRAL ILLNESS - all mammals can ne infected via bile or aerosolization. rabies. rabies glycoprotein binds to ACh and causes an antibody response.
Causes negri bodies - cystomatic inclusions in veins that produce encephalitis, brain stem dysfunction --> death |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in language and hearing. |
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Term
| Sensorineural hearing loss |
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Definition
| damage to cochlea, neurons, acoustic center r/t hypoxia, C.palsy kids |
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Term
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Definition
r/t to obstruction of airway by ceremun, foreign objects, otitis media inflammation
-may be reversible |
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Term
|
Definition
| hardening of the lens that makes accommodation more difficult. |
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Term
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Definition
1) Prodrome
2) Acute encephalitis
3)Brain stem dysfuction
4) Death |
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Term
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Definition
blood from a damaged vessel escapes into the subarachnoid layer, producing inflammation reactions in the CNS.
Caused by: ruptured aneurysm, AVM, intra-cerebral hemorrage, idiopathic -ven/art source
marked hy hydrocephalus and vasospasms
DX: bood in CSF, peaked T waves in EKG, ~hypoNA, |
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Term
| Upper & Lower Motor Dysfunction |
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Definition
Upper - cerebral - the body will rely on the brain stem to perform vital functions. loss of cognitive functions, and reemergence of primitive reflexes. Loss of arousal and either a vegetative or coma state. ->"cortically brain dead"
If both upper (cerebral) and lower (brain stem) function are gone -> "brain dead" |
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Term
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Definition
| motor function - frontal lobe |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| decorticate/decelebrate posturing |
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Definition
| seen in upper/lower motor damage. body completely extends muscles and plantae flexion is seen. |
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Term
| Cheyne Strokes Respirations |
|
Definition
| - resp pattern of alternating periods of apnea and hyperventiliation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cancer cells are autonomous, anaplastic |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| lymphoma inside the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| longer you live, higher risk for cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| synthetic estrogen homrone give to preggo moms in which the exposed child later developed cervical or testicular cancer in higher incidences than the normal population |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain cells -neurons - do not require insulin to absorb sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypoxia to the brain leads to quick edema which spreads and increased intercranial pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Insulin-like growth factors lead to tumor cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Eye is most highly differentiated sensory organ |
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Term
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Definition
| retina consumes more O2 than any other organ |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diabetes is the leading cause of blindess |
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Term
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Definition
| PNS has cranial-sacral distribution |
|
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Term
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Definition
| SNS has thoracolumbar distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| Alcohol before bed destroys REM sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| REM sleep is a negoiator for memory |
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Term
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Definition
Brain stem respiratory center is driven by Co2 levels and acidosis. As pH lowers, the body is driven to breathe.
-This is impaired in chronic COPD patients. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Blood anywhere other than the vascular sytem has an inflammaatory effect |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Any space occupying lesion leads to H/A, compression => hypoxia => inflamation, prostagladin, bradykinin, pain |
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Term
|
Definition
| Alcohol blocks B1 absorption. B1 is needed to drive glucose into the cell... hypoglycemia in alcoholics? |
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