Term
| MC tumor of the pituitary |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MC origin of Cushings Syndrome |
|
Definition
| Exogenous corticosteroid admin* Of the endogenous causes it is MC from the pituitary (less commonly from the adrenals) |
|
|
Term
| MC source of ectopic ACTH production |
|
Definition
| Small Cell carcinoma of the lung |
|
|
Term
| Hyperglyceima, osteoporosis, HTN, overgorowth of the face and hands |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCC of pituitary cachexia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MC source of ectopic ADH production |
|
Definition
| Small cell carcinoma of the lung |
|
|
Term
| MC congenital anomaly of the thyroid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCC of Hypothyroidism in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epi cells with eosinophilic granular cytoplasm - Seen in hashimotos with infultrates of lymphocytes and germinal center formation.
Also seen in Follicular Carcinomas of the Thyroid |
|
|
Term
| Painful thyroid with flu-like sx |
|
Definition
| Subacute/Granulomatous/deQuervian thyroiditis |
|
|
Term
| Ground Glass cells with Orphan annie nuclei and psamomma bodies |
|
Definition
| Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
| MC benign tumors of the thyroid |
|
Definition
| Solitary Adenomas (non-functional) |
|
|
Term
| MC malignant tumor of the thyroid |
|
Definition
| Papillary carcinoma of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
| MCC of primary hyperparthyroidism |
|
Definition
| Parathyroid adenoma (75% of cases of primary hyperPTH, remember that adenomas are benign) |
|
|
Term
| MC source of exogenous PTH-like hormone |
|
Definition
| Bronchiogenic or renal cell carcinomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Osteitis fibrosa cystica, Hyperparthyroidism |
|
|
Term
| Bone lesions, Nephrocalcinosis and renal calculi |
|
Definition
| Hyperparathyroidism, "Bones, Moans, and Stones" |
|
|
Term
| MCC of secondary hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| Hypocalcemia of chronic renal disease |
|
|
Term
| MCC of hypoparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| Accidental surgical excision of the parathyroids in thyroidectomy. |
|
|
Term
| MC manifestation of hypocalcemia |
|
Definition
| Tetany (increased neuromuscular excitability when calcium levels are low) |
|
|
Term
| Shortened 4th/5th metacarpals/tarsals, short stature, GNAS1 mutation. |
|
Definition
| Pseudohypoparathyrodisim - end organ unresponsiveness of the kidney to PTH leading to low calcium and high PTH and phosphate (pt can have multiorgan hormone resistance - imprinting) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adrenal cortical adenoma (MC than adrenal carcinoma) and causes hypercoticism that cannot be suppressed by dexamethasone. |
|
|
Term
| HTN, sodium and water retention, hypokalemic alkalosis and low renin |
|
Definition
| Conn Syndrome - primary aldosteronism, renin is suppressed by feedback dt HTN. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adosterone-produceing adrenocortical adenoma (aldosteronoma) but can also result from Z. glomerulosa hyperplasia. |
|
|
Term
| HTN, sodium and water retention, hypokalemic alkalosis and High renin |
|
Definition
| Secondary Aldosteronism (secondary to renal ischmia, renal tumorsm and edema as in CHF/cirrhosis). Renin is increased dt hypoperfusion of the kidney which leads to elevated aldosterone levels |
|
|
Term
| MCC of Adrenal virilism/angioadrenal syndrome |
|
Definition
| 21-hydroxylase congenital enzyme defect - causes a "Salt-Wasting" form where reduced cortisol production and compensitory increase in ACTH results in adrenal hyperplasia with production of androgenic steroids (virilism in females, precocious puberty in males). 17-hydroxylase def causes a salt retaining, HTN form but is much less common. |
|
|
Term
| HypoT, decreased serum sodium/chloride/glucose/bicarbonate and increased serum potassium, and hyperpigmentation of the skin. |
|
Definition
| Hypocorticism - Primary = Addison's Disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ideopathic adrenal atrophy* (Autoimmune lymphocytic adrenalitis) |
|
|
Term
| MCC of Waterhouse Fredrichse Syndrome (hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal cortex) |
|
Definition
| Meningiococcemia, associated with catastrophic adrenal insufficinency and DIC. |
|
|
Term
| Paroxysmal HTN, hyperglyceimia, increased VMA in the urine of an adult? Child? |
|
Definition
| Pheochromocytoma in an adult (tumor of the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla or a paraganglioma, 90% are benign), or Neurofibroma in Kids (very malignant) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Neurofibroma in kids (large abdominal mass, malignant catecholamine producing tumor, with HTN and elevated urine catecholamines). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lymphocytic infiltration of the pancreatic islets |
|
Definition
| Called Insulinitis, highly specific for early DM type I |
|
|
Term
| 3 Causes of secondary Diabetes |
|
Definition
| Hereditary hemochromatosis, Pancreatitis, Carcinoma of the pancreas (or islet cell glucagonoma) |
|
|
Term
| Focal islet fibrosis with hylinization dt amylin deposition |
|
Definition
| Changes in the pancreatic islets of Type 2 DM pts. |
|
|
Term
| Kimmelstiel-Wilson Disease |
|
Definition
| Nodular diabetic glomerulosclerosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Insulinoma, may be benign or malignant and are distinguished by exogenous insulin admin buy quantifying C-peptide (not present in exogenous insulin). |
|
|
Term
| Gastric hypersecretion of hydrochloric acid, recurrent PUD, and hypergastrinemia |
|
Definition
| Zollinger Ellison Syndrome (can be associated with the often malignant islet cell Gastrinom) |
|
|
Term
| Pituitary, parathyroid, or pancreatic islet (tumors or hyperplasia) |
|
Definition
| MEN I, Autosomal Dominant (pancreatic component may manifest as ZE syndrome, hyperinsulinis, or pancreatic cholera), mutations int he MEN I gene. |
|
|
Term
| Pheochromocytoma, Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
| MEN II, associated with mutations in the ret oncogene, finding this mutation in someone justifies prophylactic thyroidectomy, autosomal dominant. |
|
|
Term
| Pheochromocytoma, Medullary carcinoma of the thyroid and multiple mucocutaneous neuromas/ganglioneuromas |
|
Definition
| MEN IIb, different ret oncogene mutation, autosomal dominant. |
|
|
Term
| Increases the release of TSH and PRL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Of the posterior pituitary, secretes ADH, the paraventricular nucleus secretes Oxytocin. |
|
|
Term
| MC type of functional adenoma? |
|
Definition
| Hyperprolactinomas (GH producers are 2nd MC) |
|
|
Term
| Suppresses the release of glucagon and insulin |
|
Definition
| Somatostatin (released from the delta cells of the pancreas and the hypothalamus (SIRF) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1) Random blood glucose of > 200 with symptoms. 2) Fasting glc > 126. 3) OR an OGTT with glc >200 after 2 hrs. HbA1c is typically > 6.5% |
|
|
Term
| Vacuolated tubular epithelial cells in the kidney with accumulations of glycogen |
|
Definition
| Armanni-Ebstein cells, indicative of long-standing uncontrolled DM. Severe, not common. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| MI dt macroangiopathy (accelerated atherosclerosis and CV disease) - acceleration of atherosclerosis dt leaky endothelium, glycosylation of lipoproteins, and hyperglycemia) |
|
|
Term
| Sorbitol deposition in the lens of the eye |
|
Definition
| Cataracts, commonly seen in diabetics (related to glucose metabolism) |
|
|
Term
| Cotton-wool spots and PAS+ exudates |
|
Definition
| Diabetic retinopathy, begins with microanerysms and macular edema and rpceeds to microinfarcts (cotton wool spots) and then aneurysms become hylinized > partial > total occlusion. |
|
|
Term
| MC solid intracranial tumor of childhood |
|
Definition
| Neuroblastoma (commonly occur in the adrenals and paraaortic ganglia) |
|
|
Term
| 10% are malignant, 10% occur in kids, 10% are familial, 10% are extra-adrenal, 10% are bilateral and 10% are malignant* |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MC neoplasm of the adrenals |
|
Definition
| Metastasis (commonly from Lung and Breast) |
|
|
Term
| MC location of functional ectopic thyroid tissue |
|
Definition
| aka Lingual Thyroid (ectopic thyroid tissue at the foramen cecum in the tongue (at the base of the tounge, failure of the thyroid to completely descend) |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid destruction by T lymphocytes and activated macrophages as well as antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Painless thyroditis commonly follows pregnancy, transient. |
|
Definition
| Subacute Lymphocytic Thyroditis (don't confuse with deQuervian which is post-viral infection and is granulocytic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| More likely than multiple to be neoplastic. Younger people are more likely to have neoplastic nodules also. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Most thyroid nodules are cold and if nodules are malignant they are cold nodules (Hot nodules are rarely, if ever, malignant but cold nodules are malignant 10% of the time). |
|
|
Term
| MCC of Sialadenitis (salivary gland inflammation) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MC location of salivary gland tumors |
|
Definition
| Parotid gland tumors (majority are benign) this is unlike tumors of the submandibular gland (45% malig) or worse, sublingual (90% are malignant) |
|
|
Term
| MC type of salivary gland tumor |
|
Definition
| Pleomorphic Adenoma (a benign, mixed tumor arising from ductal epi and myoepi) firm mass, slow grwing, arranged into ducts or cysts and encapsulated. No nerve involvement (as this suggests malignancy). |
|
|
Term
| Salivary gland tumor strongly related to smoking and found in the tail of the parotid gland. |
|
Definition
| Warthin's Tumor (aka papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum) 2nd MC benign tumor of the parotid. Seen in males and older adults, rarely transform. |
|
|
Term
| MC maligant tumor of the salivary gland that is found in children |
|
Definition
| Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (tumor of mucous and squamous origin) seen in the parotid and minor glands of the palate, presents as asymptomatic swelling). |
|
|
Term
| Acantholysis and ulceration of the oral epithelium with Tzank cells present |
|
Definition
| Indicates Herpes labalis (reactivated HSV), multinucleated giant Tzank cells indicate Herpes* Seen in clusters |
|
|
Term
| Recurrent aphthous stomatitis |
|
Definition
| Canker sores! Very common. |
|
|
Term
| Ulcers on unattached mucosa with yellow-white membrane and an erythematous halo |
|
Definition
| Recurrent apthous stomatitis |
|
|
Term
| Diffuse, painful, shallow ulcers of the gingiva/mucosa with fever, lymphadenopathy, and malaise |
|
Definition
| Primary herpetic gingivostomatitis |
|
|
Term
| White, curdled-cheese plaques in the mouth that burn or have an unplesent taste (may be surrounded with redness) |
|
Definition
| Acute pseudomembranous (erythematous) candidiasis = Thrush (in the erythematous variety there is a flattening of the dorsal tounge papillae) often appears after admin of broad spectrum abx. |
|
|
Term
| MC precancerous oral lesion |
|
Definition
| Leukoplakia, white plaque related to smoking and alcohol. Homogeneous, speckled. Hyperkeratosis w/wo acanthsis, 4% transform to SCC and recurrences are common. |
|
|
Term
| Well-demarcated, velvety, red patch in the oral mucosa that often has dysplasia, is often found adjacent to areas of leukoplakia. |
|
Definition
| Erythroplakia (90% show severe dysplasia or CIS) these are overall more malignant but less common than leukoplakia. |
|
|
Term
| Surgical excision/resection and radiation is the only treatment for this oral cancer as chemo rarely works |
|
Definition
| Oral SCC (MC in males and blacks, if it's on the lip it has better prognosis) Getting one carcinoma puts you at increased risk of a second mucosal tumor. |
|
|
Term
| Macroglossia, constapation, edema, increased serum cholesterol, and cold intolorance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amenorrhea, infertility, decreased libido and galactorrhea |
|
Definition
| Hypothyroid state - High TSH (remember that TSH triggers the release of Prolactin and TSH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type 1 DM, Though type 2 is more likely to run in families and has higher twin concordance, type 1 is the only one that has HLA associations* |
|
|
Term
| Which severe diabetic complication has glucose > 600, very high plasma osmolarity, and elevated pH? |
|
Definition
| Hyperosmolar, Hyperglycemic State (HHS), seen more commonly in Type 2 diabetics. HHS is actually more deadly than DKA (which is seen MC in Type 1 diabetics). |
|
|
Term
| MCC of blindness in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, significant proteinuria, and generalized edema. |
|
Definition
| Nephrotic Syndrome (many possible etiologies) |
|
|
Term
| Fusion of epithelial podocyte foot processes |
|
Definition
| Minimal change disease (young children with nephrotic syndrome that responds well to steroid treatment). Corticies contain intracytoplasmic lipid deposits within the tubular cells. |
|
|
Term
| MCC of nephrotic syndrome in adults |
|
Definition
| Membranous Glomerulonephritis (Subepithelial IC deposition with granular immunoflourescence. Slowly progressive) |
|
|
Term
| Spike and Dome appearence on immunoflourescence |
|
Definition
| Membranous Glomerulonephritis (domes are IC's deposited subendothelilally in the BM) |
|
|
Term
| Renal manifestations of Lupus (SLE) |
|
Definition
| Membranous GN (nephrotic presentation) or Diffuse proliferative GN (Nephritic presentation) |
|
|
Term
| "Wire Looping" of capillaries |
|
Definition
| Diffues Proliferative GN (associated with SLE, deposits of ICs are subendothelial. |
|
|
Term
| Child who has recovered from a URI has hematuria and periorbital edema with "Lumpy Bumpy" immunoflorescence seen in the kidney. |
|
Definition
| Post-streptococcal GN (Nephritic), kids typically recover compeltely. |
|
|
Term
| MCC of Post-strep GN in kids? |
|
Definition
| GAS (Strep Pyogenes, beta hemolytic) typically after tonsillitis, strep impetigo, or infection of insect bites). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Linear pattern of Immunoflourescence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Splitting of the Lamina Densa |
|
Definition
| Alport Syndrome, X-linked hereditary nephritis |
|
|
Term
| Nerve deafness, nephritic syndrome, ocular disorders |
|
Definition
| Alport syndrome, defect int he gene for the alpha-5 chain of Type IV collagen. |
|
|
Term
| Benign, recurrent hematuria in kids, often after an infection, can be related to Henoch Schonlein |
|
Definition
| Berger Dz (IgA nephropathy) Don't confuse with Post-Strep GN as both are nephritic and can follow infections (IgA in Berger, IgG in post-strep) |
|
|
Term
| Tram track appearence of glomerular basement membrane |
|
Definition
| Membranoproliferative GN -Nephrotic (note that tram tracking is only prominant in type I (IC mediated) MPGN and less so in type II (dense deposits with low serum C3). |
|
|
Term
| Highest association of a renal pathology with prior Hepatitis infection |
|
Definition
| Membranoproliferative GN Type I- Nephrotic Syndrome, associated with prior Hep B or C infection. Type II is associated with C3 nephritic factor. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Membranoproliferative GN Type II, low serum C3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pathognomic of acute pyelonephritis* |
|
|
Term
| MC association with renal papillary necrosis |
|
Definition
| Diabetes Mellitus* (can also see with phenacetin exposure which can lead to chronic analgesic nephritis, in Sickle cell, and in severe acute pyelonephritis) |
|
|
Term
| MCC of acute renal failure |
|
Definition
| Acute tubular necrosis (intial oligouric phase when death can occur dt hyperk, precipitated by renal ischemia). |
|
|
Term
| Glycosuria, hyperphosphaturia, aminoaciduria, systemic acidosis |
|
Definition
| Franconi Syndrome, generalized dysfunction of the proximal renal tubules. |
|
|
Term
| Thyroidization of the kidney |
|
Definition
| A consequence of chronic pyelonephritis (coarse, asymmetric corticomedullary scarring of the kidneys with interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy with protein casts) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Calcium stones (oxylate, phosphate or both) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infection with ammonia-producing, urease+ organisms (Proteus or Staph) |
|
|
Term
| Only renal caliculi that form at alkaline pH |
|
Definition
| Ammonium magnesium phosphate stones (staghorn calculi) |
|
|
Term
| Radiolucent stones associated with lukemias or myeloproliferative syndromes |
|
Definition
| Uric Acid stones (also associated with gout) |
|
|
Term
| Multiple Berry aneurysms in a middle aged individual suggests... |
|
Definition
| Adult polycystic kidney disease (AD, remember that AR infantile version is fatal in childhood) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Suggests a prerenal cause of azotemia (as occurs in oligouria of shock) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Renal cell carcinoma, association with cigarette smoking, early hematogenous spread*, polygonal clear cells. |
|
|
Term
| MC presentation of renal malignancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MC renal malignancy of kids |
|
Definition
| Wilms Tumor, presents as a MASS. Young children 2-4 yrs. |
|
|
Term
| Associated with exposure to beta napthylamine and cyclophosphamide |
|
Definition
| Transitional cell carcinoma (MC cancer of the urinary collecting system). Presents with hematuria, also associatd with analine dyes and smoking. |
|
|
Term
| Tumor associated with Schistosoma haematobium infection |
|
Definition
| Squamous Cell carcinomas in the urinary tract (is a parasite/fluke) |
|
|
Term
| Conditions typically associated with Rapidly progressive GN |
|
Definition
| aka Cresenteric GN. Wegner's, Goodpasture's, SLE |
|
|
Term
| Renal Artery Stenosis in a young woman |
|
Definition
| Think Fibromuscular dysplasia |
|
|
Term
| Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs like Metacillin and acute pyelonephritis both cause... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCC of Glomerulonephritis worldwide |
|
Definition
| Berger Dz (IgA nephropathy) |
|
|
Term
| Painless hematuria in a pt > 50 yrs |
|
Definition
| Transitional Cell carcinoma (aka urothelial carcinoma) |
|
|
Term
| MCC of renal cortical atrophy |
|
Definition
| Post-renal/obstructive Nephropathy (stones or BPH) |
|
|
Term
| Malignant HTN in a young woman |
|
Definition
| Think scleroderma, otherwise think atherosclerosis. |
|
|
Term
| Paraneoplastic polycthemia |
|
Definition
| Renal cell carcinoma, excess secretion of EPO |
|
|
Term
| Renal pathology associated with HIV and IVD use |
|
Definition
| Focal Segmental GN - Nephrotic |
|
|
Term
| Renal pathology seen more commonly in pt with celiac disease (dermatitis herpetiformis) or chronic liver disease) |
|
Definition
| Berger Dz (IgA nephropathy) |
|
|
Term
| In what renal pathology can pts be ANCA+ |
|
Definition
| Type III Cresenteric GN (Pauci-immune), can be associated wth microscopic polyangitis or Wegner's or can be ideopathic. |
|
|
Term
| Fibrointimal proliveration and medial muscular hypertrophy in intrarenal arteries with hyaline arteriolosclerosis in afferent arterioles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hematuria, schistiocites, thrombocytopenia, Shiga-like toxin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MET Protooncogene mutation. Tumors with abundant necrosis and hemorrhage found in the kidney. |
|
Definition
| Papillary Renal Cell Carcinomas (10-15% of renal cancers, may be multiple). |
|
|
Term
| Leukoplakia surrounding superficial keratosis and dermal fibrosis of the vagina with thinning of the epidermis in a postmenopausal women. |
|
Definition
| Lichen sclerosis (a non-neoplastic vulvualr epithelial disorder tha carries an increased risk of SCC and can be apinful as the labia become atrophic) |
|
|
Term
| Gray-Green vaginal discharge |
|
Definition
| Trichomonas vaginalis STI (flagellated protozoa, severe puritis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes in squamous epi cells seen in HPV-infected cells. Low grade changes involve the lower 1/3 of the epi and are flat, high grades extend towards the superficial epi and show more atypia). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tumor suppressor. Associated with Cowden's Syndrome (multiple harmatomas), endometrial hyperplasia, endometrioid adenocarcinomas, and HNPCC |
|
|
Term
| MC cancer of the female GU tract |
|
Definition
| Endometrioid adenocarcinoma (liked to PTEN mutations and prolonged estrogen stimulation) |
|
|
Term
| MC benign tumors in females |
|
Definition
| Leiomas (benign tumors of smooth muscle cells in the myometrium) |
|
|
Term
| Tumor with papillary fronds and psammoma bodies |
|
Definition
| Serous cystadenocarcinoma - MC malignant tumor of the ovary. |
|
|
Term
| Tumor that secretes estrogen |
|
Definition
| Granulosa Cell Tumor of the ovary - can cause postmenopausal bleeding, endometrial hyperplaisa and secondary endometiral carcinoma. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid-filled spaces between cells, Seen in Granulosa Cell tumors of the ovaries. |
|
|
Term
| Ab to alpha-5 chain of Type IV collagen |
|
Definition
| Alport Syndrome* Goodpastures is to the alpha-3 chain of Type IV collagen* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uremia - contains fibrin and leukocytes (incl PMNs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hyline casts (can be present in path but do not mean something is wrong) |
|
|
Term
| Muddy Brown Casts, FE Na+> 1%, Urine Na>20 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trypanosome Brucei, Antigenic variation |
|
Definition
| African Sleeping Sickness, tse-tse fly in Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial vaginosis (fishy odor on KOH, overgrowth of anaerobes with increased numbers of garderella vaginalis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bacterial vaginosis (fishy odor on KOH, overgrowth of anaerobes with increased numbers of garderella vaginalis) |
|
|
Term
| STI associated with arthritis |
|
Definition
| N. gonorrhoeae (Purulent arthritis, most often monoarticular and in a large joint like the knee). |
|
|
Term
| Superficial ulcers in the genital regin, enlargement of reginal lymph nodes, inflammation and scaring. |
|
Definition
| Lymphogranuloma venerum, caused by the L1,L2, L3 serotypes of Chylamidia. |
|
|
Term
| Multinucleated giant cells with viral inclusions on cytologic smears from vesicular lesions. |
|
Definition
| Suggests Herpes Simplex Infx (HSV) |
|
|
Term
| Soft and painful ulcerated genital lesion |
|
Definition
| Chancroid (caused by Haemophilus Ducrey), contrast with hard and painless chancre of syphillis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In utero predisposes femalese to clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina in their teens/young adulthood. |
|
|
Term
| Hormonally responsive tumor, is the most common uterine tumor |
|
Definition
| Leiomyomas (MC of all tumors in women) Benign and estrogen sensitive, enlarge with periods, shrink in menopause. |
|
|
Term
| MC gynecological malignancy, increased risk associated with nulliparity, prolonged estrogen exposure, and obesity, peaks in older women. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 tumors associated with Theca-lutein cyst |
|
Definition
| A cyst that results from gonadotropin stimulation - can be mult, bilateral, and surrounded by luteninized theca cells. Associated with Choriocarcinoma and/or Hydatidiform moles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Blood-containing cyst resulting from hemorrhage with ovarian endometriosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ovary, chocolate cyst formation is possible as endometrioses can bleed with the menstural cycle - are Hormonally Responsive! |
|
|
Term
| Amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, and hirsutism |
|
Definition
| Polycystic Ovarian (Stein-Leventhal) Syndrome, in young women, important cause of infertility carries increased risk of DM. Thickened ovarian capsule with multiple, small follicular cysts, cortical stromal fibrosis. |
|
|
Term
| MC malignant tumor of the ovary |
|
Definition
| Serous cystadenocarcinoma - Malignant, frequently Bilateral* |
|
|
Term
| Produces alpha-fetal protein |
|
Definition
| Yolk sac tumors (genrm cell tumors, analagous to endodermal sinus tumors of the testes) |
|
|
Term
| The female analog to a testicular seminoma |
|
Definition
| Dysgerminoma, germ cell tumor |
|
|
Term
| MC type of ovarian tumor in women < 20 yrs old |
|
Definition
| Germ Cell tumors (MC germ cell tumor =Dermoid Cysts aka Mature teratomas) |
|
|
Term
| 90% of germ cell tumors in females are... |
|
Definition
| Dermoid Cysts aka mature teratomas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Choriocarcinomas - aggressive and malignant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Metastatic tumor to the ovary (usually from the stomach) which results in bilateral replacement of the ovaries with mucin-secreting signet cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mucin-secreting. MC associated with stomach carcinomas but can arise in the testes, ovaries, breast and other sites. Indicate a poor prognosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ectopic Pregnancy (which occurs MC in the fallopian tubes) |
|
|
Term
| Elevated hCG, vaginal bleeding, 46XX or triploid karyotype, can progress to choriocarcinoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCC of palpable breast mass in pts 25 to 50 yrs |
|
Definition
| Fibrocystic change, no cancer risk unless there is hyperplastic epi with atypia. Fibroadenoma is the MC breast tumor in women < 25 yrs also. |
|
|
Term
| Blue dome fluid-filled cysts, sclerosing adenositis, apocrine metaplasia |
|
Definition
| Morphologic charactaristics of fibrocystic change of the breast. |
|
|
Term
| Large tumor of the breast containing cystic spaces with leaf-like projections fromt he cyst walls and myxoid contents. Is highly cellular. |
|
Definition
| Phyllodes tumor of the breast. Though highly cellular and often containing anaplasia and high mitotic activity they are typically Benign, though do tend to recur. |
|
|
Term
| 2nd MC overall malignancy in women |
|
Definition
| Carcinoma of the breast (according to the grid, second to lung cancer) |
|
|
Term
| MC type of breast carcinoma |
|
Definition
| Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (tumor cells embeded in a dense fibrous stroma - firm consistency) |
|
|
Term
| Breast tumor, fleshy consistency, Lymphocytic infultrate |
|
Definition
| Medullary Carcinoma of the breast, better prognosis than invasive ductal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seen in Invasive Lobular Carcinoma of the breast, which is often multicentric or bilateral, better prognosis than invasive ductal. |
|
|
Term
| MC location of breast cancer |
|
Definition
| Upper, outer quadrant of the breast |
|
|
Term
| MCC of a breast lump in a post menopausal women |
|
Definition
| Breast carcinoma (Invasive ductal if you're guessing subtypes) |
|
|
Term
| A non-malignant cause of nipple inversion |
|
Definition
| Fat necrosis - can be dt trauma, athletics, pregnancy, or lactation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Typically associated with lactation, infection with Staph or Strep (pyogenic bacteria) |
|
|
Term
| Whate, solitary, movable, well-circumscribed mass that is hormonally responsive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-malignant cause of bloody nipple discharge |
|
Definition
| Large Duct Papilloma - a benign growth within a duct, have multiple papillae in CT stroma, calcification is possible. |
|
|
Term
| Syndrome charactarized by p53 mutations, 25% get breast cancer |
|
Definition
| Li-Fraumini Syndrome (germline mutation of p53) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Poor prognosis, oncogene that is overexpressed in 30% of breast cancers and is associated with aggressive tumor behavior. |
|
|
Term
| Most important breast cancer prognostic factor for overall and disease-free survival |
|
Definition
| Axillary lymph node involvement |
|
|
Term
| Glandular breast mass without stromal invasion, calcifications are common |
|
Definition
| Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (Glandular = Ductal), 4x MC than LICS |
|
|
Term
| Breast pathology, no mass, typically bilateral and/or multicentric, often develop into invasive forms, no calcifications |
|
Definition
| Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (less common than DCIS) is diffuse at presentation and a mass is typically not palpated. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plugging of dermal lymphatics causign a dimpled appearence to the surface of the breast. Seen in Inflammatory carcinomas (poorly differentiated and diffusely invasive. |
|
|
Term
| MC type of invasive carcinoma of the breast |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ill-defined mass containing fat vacuoles with foamy macrophages or giant cells, possible calcification. |
|
Definition
| Fat necrosis - can be dt trauma, athletics, pregnancy, or lactation. |
|
|
Term
| Which is MC Hypo or Epispadias? |
|
Definition
| Hypospadias (urethral opening on the underside of the penis) Increased risk of UTIs and incontinance. |
|
|
Term
| What other congenital anomaly commonly accompanies epispadias |
|
Definition
| Extrophy of the Bladder - Carries an increased risk of adenocarcinoma of the bladder. |
|
|
Term
| Single erythematous plaque (Squamous carcinoma in situ) in the penile skin |
|
Definition
| Bowen Disease (called erythrplaisa of Queyrat if on the Glans, 80% are related to HPV) MC seen in uncircumcised men, rarely (10%) become invasive |
|
|
Term
| Transabdominal phase of testicular descention |
|
Definition
| MIF dictates, rare cause of cryptorchidism |
|
|
Term
| Inguinoscrotal phase of testicular descention |
|
Definition
| Androgens dictate - responsible for the vast majority of cases of cryptorchidism |
|
|
Term
| Cryptorchidism is associated with increased risk of |
|
Definition
| Testicular malignancy (5x incresed risk), can also cause infertility if bilateral or if contralateral testis atrophies). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Men who have had an episode of testicular torsion are at increased risk for... |
|
Definition
| Contralateral torsion (note 4-6 hr window after torsion occurs to get surgical correction before hemorrhagic infarction fo the testis ensues) - Most cases are dt congenitally hypermobile testes - Bell Clapper Phenomenon. |
|
|
Term
| Homogenous, grey-white tumor of the testis |
|
Definition
| Seminoma* Germ cell tumor, presents in adults. Aggresssive but Highly responsive to treatment. |
|
|
Term
| Testicular tumor in a child < 3 yrs |
|
Definition
| Yolk Sac (aka Endodermal Sinus) tumors - produces AFP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Structures resembling primitive glomeruli, can be seen in yolk sac/endodermal sinus tumors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Choriocarcinomas - aggressive and malignant, very vascular, metastacize and bleed easily. |
|
|
Term
| MC site of nodular prostatic hyperplasia |
|
Definition
| aka BPH - Transitional and Periurethral zones. Prostate carcinomas arise in the Peripheral Zone* |
|
|
Term
| Finely granular urethral mucosa with accumulated lymphocytes in the subepi region of the ureter. |
|
Definition
| Ureteritis follicularis, may result from UTIs or chronic ureteritis. |
|
|
Term
| Fine cysts filled with clear yellof fluid present along the mucosa of the ureter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Extrophy of the bladder, Urachal cysts and Cystitis granularis each carry an increased risk of which cancer? |
|
Definition
| Adenocarcinoma of the bladder |
|
|
Term
| What term describes herniation of the bladder into the vagina creating a pouch and leading to uterine prolapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chronic cystitis in whcih lymphocytes form lymphoid follicles within the bladder mucosa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Soft, yellow 3-4 cm mucosal plaques in the bladder containing foamy macrophages with PAS+ granules, giant cells, lymhocytes. |
|
Definition
| Malakoplakia - a form of cystitis thought to arise from a defective host response to bacterial infection (usually by G- agents) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Laminated mineralized concretions within and between macrophages, possibly present in pts with malakoplakia in their bladders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Arises in the context of chronic cystitis, often seen in middle aged women, thought to be autoimmune. |
|
|
Term
| Benign tumors taht arise as single small papillae with a core of fibrovascular tissue covered by normal transitional cell epithelium. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transitional Cell (Uroepithelial cell) Carcinomas, often multifocal, papillary or flat (flat is more aggressive), associated with Cyclophosphimide, smoking, analine dyes, phenacetin, and schistosomiasis. Tend to recur after excision. |
|
|
Term
| Schiztosomiasis is associated with increased risk of... |
|
Definition
| Transitional cell and Squamous Cell (otherwise uncommon) Carcinomas of the Bladder - Fluke infection that can colonize the bladder. |
|
|
Term
| Trabeculation of the bladder |
|
Definition
| Hypertrophy of the smooth muscle of the bladder associated with outflow obstruction (as in BPH). |
|
|
Term
| Conjunctivitis, Arthritis, and Urethritis |
|
Definition
| Reither Syndrome (Reactive arthritis) - Gonococcal origin |
|
|
Term
| Older woman with a red, painful, friable mass aroudn the external urethral meatus infultrated with leukocytes |
|
Definition
| Urethral carnucle. (similar to carcinoma of the urethra, both are rare, same pt demographic) |
|
|
Term
| Strongly associated with the development of seminomas (germ cell tumor) and embryonal carcinoma as well as sterility and testicular atrophy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A testicular mass that transilluminates |
|
Definition
| Hydrocele (fluid distending the tunica vaginalis) MCC = Ideopathic |
|
|
Term
| Testicular tumor that presents with pain or metastasis and has a worse prognosis than a seminoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mature teratomas in males vs females |
|
Definition
| Almost always maligant in males while the female counterpart (Dermoid cyst) is almost always benign. |
|
|
Term
| Androgen-secreting tumor associated with precocious puberty in children and gynecomastia in adults |
|
Definition
| Leydig Cell/Interstitial Tumor - typically Benign |
|
|
Term
| MCC of urinary tract obstruction |
|
Definition
| BPH - Nearly universal in older men |
|
|
Term
| Increased PSA with decreased fraction of Free PSA |
|
Definition
| Suggests Prostatic adenocarcinoma (vs BPH) |
|
|
Term
| Osteoblastic lesions and elevated alk phos |
|
Definition
| Suggests blastic metastasis of prostatic adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| What typically accompaneis a congenital Arnold Chaiari Formation? |
|
Definition
| A throacolumbar meningomyelocele (a portion of spinal cord and meningies included in the herniated tissue). |
|
|
Term
| Associted with congenital facial abnormilaites, developmental defects, microcephaly, ASD, mental and growth retardation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCC of Ccerebrovascular Dz |
|
Definition
| Infarction is much MC than hemorrhage. Infarction (often dt thrombosis caused by atherosclerosis or embolism) is characterized by liquefactive necrosis leading to cyst formation. |
|
|
Term
| MC site of cerebral embolic occlusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Occlusion at this site causes contralateral paralysis, as ell as motor/sensory defects and aphagias |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MC sites fo cerebral throbotic occlusion |
|
Definition
| The carotid bifurcation and the middle ccerebral artery (like embolic) |
|
|
Term
| What type of stroke is caused by obstruction of small vessels which are typically focal and therefore often purely sensory (thalamus) or motor (internal capsule) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCC of intracerebral hemorrhage |
|
Definition
| Hypertension, rupture of Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms |
|
|
Term
| MC parts of the brain affected by HTN-related hemorrhage |
|
Definition
| Basal ganglia/thalamus, pons, cerebellum, frontal lobe white matter. |
|
|
Term
| Bleeding in the brain associated with trauma and rupture of the middle meningeal artery. Symtoms are acute. |
|
Definition
| Epidrual Hematoma - Biconvex* |
|
|
Term
| Bleeding in the brain associated with rupture of the bridging veins with gradual signs of cerebral compression and the formation of a tumor-like collection of blood. |
|
Definition
| Subdural hematoma - old people - Crescent Shaped |
|
|
Term
| MC point of entry for infection into the CNS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible long-term complication of pyogenic meningitis |
|
Definition
| Hydrocephalus (can also lead to venous occlusion, infarcts, or abscess formation) |
|
|
Term
| Periventricular calcifications are a feature of which congenital (ToRCHeS) infx? |
|
Definition
| Toxoplasmosis (lymphadenitis in adults) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eosinophilic, intracytoplasmic inclusions within Mononuclear cells in the brain stem and SC - Pathognomic for RABIES |
|
|
Term
| Loss of neurons, gliosis and striking spongiosis |
|
Definition
| Features of Prion diseases |
|
|
Term
| Virus that infects oligodendrocytes causing rapildly progressive, multiple foci of demyelination in the brain |
|
Definition
| JC virus - Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (SE of MS drug in pharm) |
|
|
Term
| Nystagmus, Intention Tremor, and Scanning Speech |
|
Definition
| Charcot Triad - 'classic' clinical presentation of MS (MC demyelinating dz by far). |
|
|
Term
| GBS is marked by which kind of weakness |
|
Definition
| ASCENDING - associated with prior viral infection |
|
|
Term
| Generalized cerebral atrophy with moderate neuronal loss which is most prominant in the frontal and hippocampal areas |
|
Definition
| Alzheimer's Disease, Abeta peptide, alteration of the Nucleus Basalis |
|
|
Term
| Confusion, Ataxia, and Opthalmoplegia |
|
Definition
| Wernike Triad - Alcohol/Wernicke Encephalopathy (atrophy and demyelination of the cortex, pons, cerebellar vermis, and mamillary bodies) |
|
|
Term
| What neuro disorder primarily effects the neurons in the Striatum (Caudate and putamen) |
|
Definition
| Huntington Disease - CAG trinucleotide repeats |
|
|
Term
| Depigmentation of the substantia nigra with Lewy Bodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Degeneration/atrophy of the lateral corticospinal tracts and anterior motor neurons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MC intracranial neoplasm of adults |
|
Definition
| GBM (an Astrocytoma), MC found in the cerebral hemispheres, very poor prognosis |
|
|
Term
| Slow growing intracranial tumor in the cortex of middle aged persons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intracranial neoplasm of childhood or adolescence MC occuring in the 4th ventricle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Benign, slow growing intracranial neoplasm, seen in middle aged individuals, has psammoma bodies |
|
Definition
| Meningioma, dont' confuse with oligodendroma, Meningiomas are MC, seen after age 30 and can often be removed surgically (benign) |
|
|
Term
| c-Myc oncogene amplification |
|
Definition
| Associated with Neuroblastoma (childhood cancer, can be found in the adrenal medulla (MC) or in the brain. Extent of amplification correlates with prognosis. |
|
|
Term
| MC tumor of the brain overall |
|
Definition
| Metastasis for the brain (MC than any of the primary), MC from Lung > Breast > Melanoma (black lesions) |
|
|
Term
| Elevated alpha fetal protein in a pregnant woman |
|
Definition
| Indicates an open neural tube defect |
|
|
Term
| Danny Walker Malformation |
|
Definition
| Agenesis of the verebellar vermis, cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle, posterior fossa enlargement and dysplasias of the brainstem nuclei. A milder form = Joubert Syndrome. Presents with hyperpnea, ataxia, ID, and eye movement abnormalities. |
|
|
Term
| Could result in the birth of a cyclops |
|
Definition
| Holoprosencephaly - failure of the cerebellar hemispheres to separate - a midline defect that results in facial abnormalities - MCC = sporadic but can be related to FAS, Down, or maternal DM. In its milder form, results in cleft lip/palate. |
|
|
Term
| Syndromes associated with agenesis of the corpus callosum |
|
Definition
| Acardi (infantile spasms, MR, polymicrogyra), Anderman (neuropathy and dysmorphic features), or Meckel-Gruber Syndrome (occipital encephalocele + liver/kidney abnormalities) |
|
|
Term
| Associated with megalencephaly |
|
Definition
| 1/3 of autistic patients have large brains |
|
|
Term
| Congenital disorder charactarized by venous angiomatous masses in teh cortical leptomeninges and ipsilateral port wine nevi of the face + seizures/MR/hemiplegia and radioopacities of the skull |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| MCC of subarachnoid hemorrhage |
|
Definition
| Ruptured Berry Aneurysm - MC in the anterior circulation (anterior communicating artery). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Midline, small Pontine (ventral and paramedian) hemorrhages caused by uncal or falcine herniation - Usually Fatal Outcome* |
|
|
Term
| Pupillary dilation, lateral eye deviation, and contralateral hemipareiss |
|
Definition
| Transtentorial/Uncal herniation - medial temporal lobe is compressed against the free margin of the tentorium cerebellum compressing CN III and other tracts. |
|
|
Term
| Ischemia first affects these cells |
|
Definition
| CA1 neurons of the hippocamus and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum (subunculum, thalamus and pons in infants0 |
|
|
Term
| In infarct stains with hemosiderin, has a cystic appearence and shows astrocytic gliosis with some macrophages. When did it happen? |
|
Definition
| These changes are Chronic indicating that the infart is at least 3 weeks old. |
|
|
Term
| Presence of neutrophils in an infarct indicates what about the timeframe? |
|
Definition
| It is Subacute (> 2d but < 3 weeks) at this point you have regained the distinct gray white barder, there is liquefaction and the gross appearence is gelatanous rather than edematous as in acute infarction. |
|
|
Term
| Deteroration of language and early personality changes indicates |
|
Definition
| Frontotemporal Dementia (like Pick Dz - kinife like gyri and Pick bodies containing tau proteins) |
|
|
Term
| Early personality changes and severe ataxia indicates |
|
Definition
| Progressive Supranuclear palsy - severe depigmentation of substantia nigra and locus ceruleus, has neurofibrillary tangles too. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Contain alpha-synuclein and ubiquitin. Seen in Parkinson's, Lewy body dementias and some multiple system atrophy conditions. |
|
|
Term
| Familial prion disease with little spongiform change |
|
Definition
| Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker |
|
|
Term
| Prion disease with slower progression seen in younger people |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Multinucleated giant cells and perivasuclar accumulations of virus-laden macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pallisading neutrophils around neuronal arase of necrosis, production of VEGF |
|
Definition
| GBM (an Astrocytoma), MC found in the cerebral hemispheres, very poor prognosis |
|
|
Term
| Cancers metastatic to the brain that bleed into the brain |
|
Definition
| Metastatic melanoma and metastatic renal cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| Elevated LDH, reduced haptoglobin, elevated bilirubin |
|
Definition
| Intravascular hemolytic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Seen in HbC dz (like SSA), Asplenia, Liver dz, and Thalassemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| HbA2 - seen in Beta thalassemia |
|
|
Term
| Opportunistic infection that has a propensity to invade blood vessels causing hemorrhagic thrombosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxidized iron in the cytoplasm of RBCs - seen in alpha-Thal and G6PD |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Beta 4 Hb, seen in 3 gene mutation versions of beta thal - note that 4 gene deletion versions have gamma 4 HbBarts but are incompatable with life. |
|
|
Term
| Toxin-secreting bacterium that causes gangrene and RBC hemolysis |
|
Definition
| Clostridium perfringens (G+ rod) |
|
|
Term
| RBC lysis corresponds to fever, shaking and chills in this disease |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A hemolytic complication of malaria - massive hemolysis with jaundice, hemoglobinemia/urea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reflection of the transferrin levels - High in Iron def, low in anemia of chronic dz. |
|
|
Term
| Basophilic Stipling of RBCs |
|
Definition
| Seen in Thalassemias, Anemia of chronic dz, Iron def, and Lead poisoning |
|
|
Term
| HSV has a propencity to effect these areas in the brain |
|
Definition
| Can destroy the parietal lobes, often causes hemorrhagic lesions of the temporal lobes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In thrombocytopenia (inverse relationship between plt count and TPO levels) |
|
|
Term
| Bloody diarrhea, immunodeficiency, thrombocytopenia and severe eczema |
|
Definition
| Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (X-linked combined immunodef) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| M3 subtype, AML, responsive to retinoic acid |
|
|
Term
| t(9:22), responsive to imatinib, low Leukocyte alk phos |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dragging abdominal sensation, middle aged pt |
|
Definition
| Massive splenomegly - CML, myelofibrotic conditions, lysosomal storage dz |
|
|
Term
| Centerocytes/Centeroblasts |
|
Definition
| Follicular Lymphoma, Indolent B cell lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| Translocation involving BCL |
|
Definition
| t(14:18) Follicular Lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| Often progresses to diffuse large B cell lymphoma |
|
Definition
| Follicular lymphoma, Indolent B cell lymphoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffuse large B cell lymphoma - aggressive but very responsive, good prognosis. |
|
|
Term
| Translocation invovling IgH and Cyclin D1 |
|
Definition
| t(11:14) - Mantle Cell Lymphoma - Aggressive and incurable |
|
|
Term
| Lab suggesting Mastocytosis |
|
Definition
| elevated serum tryptase levels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Angioimmunoblastic T cell lymphoma - raidly progressive T helper cell cancer. Marker is for follicular dendritic cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functional or absolute asplenia |
|
|
