Term
| Any obstruction to urinary flow during fetal development will result in: |
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Definition
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Term
| Incompetent Ureterovesical Valve |
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Definition
- common birth defect and cause of kidney failure in children
- causes reflux and predisposes to kidney infections
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Term
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Definition
| a dilated ureter due to many different causes |
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Term
| Exstrophy of the urinary bladder |
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Definition
| results from failure of the pubis to form properly |
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Term
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Definition
drooping of a portion of the urinary bladder downward
- usually due to child birth
-may cause infection |
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Term
| Hypertrophy of the bladder wall |
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Definition
| due to obstruction, usually form prostatism |
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Term
| Diverticula of the bladder |
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Definition
-may produce "double urination"
-can also produce stones and infection due to stasis |
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Term
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Definition
-composed of magnesium ammonium phosphate
-result from infection |
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Term
| (Hunner's) Interstitial Cystitis |
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Definition
| -all three layers of the bladder are chronically inflamed |
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Term
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Definition
-macorphage-rich response to proteus infections
-grossly: yellow plaques
-microscopically: fomy, lipid-laden macrophages with cacified spherules
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Term
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Definition
| -usually results from Schistosoma hematobium |
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Term
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Definition
| most common bladder cancer |
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Term
| Flat Urothelial Hyperplasia |
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Definition
| present when urothelium is 7+ cells thick |
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Term
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Definition
- coarsening of the nuclear chromatin in the urothelium
- nuclei oriented with long axis perpendicular to the basement membrane
- mitosis in the lower layers
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Term
| Urothelial Carcinoma in Situ |
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Definition
| Anaplastic cells in flat urothelium |
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Term
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Definition
- grow up from mucosa
- have fibrovascular cores
- covered with normal urothelium
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Term
| PUNLMP (papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential) |
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Definition
- papillary lesion with good fibrovascular cores
- minimal anaplasia
- more than 7 layers without anaplasia
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Term
| Risk Factors for Urothelial Carcinoma |
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Definition
- Cigaret smoking
- arsenic exposure
- abuse of phenacetin
- carbon black
- cyclophosphamid
- longstanding indwelling catheter
- lynch's nonpolyposis colon cancer family syndrome
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Term
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the bladder |
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Definition
| cancer due to Schistosomiasis |
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Term
| Adenocarcinoma of the bladder |
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Definition
Arises in 2 places:
- where the urachus used to be
- around the trigone from cystitis glandularis
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Term
| When should you not use preservatives or refrigerations in a UA? |
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Definition
| when you are only planning to assay for heavy metals |
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Term
| When is refrigertion enough for a UA? |
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Definition
| when testing for amylase, hCG, total protein, Bence-Jones protein, electrolyes, drug abuse |
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Term
| Normal urine specific gravity |
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Definition
| 1.030 (concentrated) - 1.003 (dilute) |
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Term
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Definition
- urine specific gravity is less than 1.007
- think diabetes insipidus (or pt drank a lot of fluid)
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Term
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Definition
urine SG is fixed at 1.010
- think renal tubular dysfunction
- if oliguria is presents, think acute tubular necrosis
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Term
| What will give you a false negative on a Glucose UA? |
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Definition
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Term
| High levels of ketones in urine point to: |
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Definition
- Diabetic ketoacidosis
- Aspirin poisoning
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Term
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Definition
| due to bacterial metabolism |
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Term
| Elevated urobilinogen in urine indicates: |
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Definition
hemolyzing RBC
liver trouble (not processing urobilinogen)
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Term
| Leukocyte alkaline esterase UA |
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Definition
| looks at neutrophils to identify bacterial UTI's |
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Term
| WBC casts in urine indicate: |
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Definition
| kidney disease (acute pyelonephritis_ |
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Term
| RBC casts in urine indicate: |
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Definition
| bleeding from the glomeruli (nephritic syndrome or necrotizing glomerulopathy) |
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