Term
| what are 5 words that describe a neoplastic cell, explain each |
|
Definition
heritable: cused by genetic changes (parent to daughter cell not mom to baby)
clonal: come from single cell
unregulated: loss of response to growth controls
competitive: compete with normal cells for metabolites
non-autonomous: need blood, nutrients, and sometimes hormones |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 signs of a benign tumor |
|
Definition
innocent microscopic characteristics: resembles tissue of origin, well differentiated
localized
growth is slow and can regress or pause
well demacrated |
|
|
Term
| why can a benign tumor be surgically removed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 4 characteristics of a malignant tumor |
|
Definition
anaplasia (most of the time)
metastasis
erratic growth
mitotic figures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cells without polarity organization
usually loss of differentiation
many abnormal mititoc figures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can invade adjacent tissue and spread to distant sites in the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorderly non-neoplastic proliferation usually of epithelia |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 characteristics of dysplasia |
|
Definition
loss of architectural uniformity and cell orientation
pleomorphic
hyperchromatic
carcinoma-in-situ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells vary in size and shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dysplasia through entire epithelial thickness but not BM (pre-invasive cancer) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reversable if it does not involve entire epithelial thickness |
|
|
Term
| what are the 5 steps in tumor naming |
|
Definition
1. suffix -oma
2. if benign skip to step 4
3. add carcin- if epithelial origin or sarc- if mesenchyma
4. choose a root to describe cell origin
5. if none of the roots fit choose hamartoma or coristoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
swelling
(for neoplasms and non-neoplasms) |
|
|
Term
| name the root for: fibroblasts, myxoid, cartiladge, osteoblasts, fat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| name the root for: notochord, smooth muscle, striated muscle, perineurium, endoneurium |
|
Definition
chordo
leiomyo
rhabdomyo
schwannao/neurolemmo
neurofibro |
|
|
Term
| name the root for: vessels, lymphatics, glomus, synovium, mesothelium |
|
Definition
hemangio
lymphangio
glomangio
synovio
mesothelial |
|
|
Term
| name the root for: arachnoid granulations, lymphocytes, placenta, adrenal medulla, |
|
Definition
meningio
lympho
chorio
phrochromocyto |
|
|
Term
| name the root for: glandular epithelium, swuamous or transitional epithelium, resemblence of embryonic cells, totipotent cells from germ layers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of root is for a tumor that has hair and teeth |
|
Definition
terato
totipotent cells from germ layers |
|
|
Term
| what is a hamartoma, how can it be identified |
|
Definition
developmental abnormality, not a tumor
contains tissue of origin but in wrong proportions and disorganized |
|
|
Term
| what is a choristoma (ectopia) |
|
Definition
| mass of normal tissue in abnormal location |
|
|
Term
| what is the qualification to be considered a carcinogenesis |
|
Definition
| must bypass hayflick limit: length of telomerase or telomerase alternative mechanism |
|
|
Term
| what are the two categories of causes of carcinogenesis |
|
Definition
expansion of single progenerator with non-lethal mutation
defect in DNA repair genes are unable to fix a mutation |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of single progenitor mutations |
|
Definition
germline / inherited
somatic / acquired |
|
|
Term
| what is the problem in hderditary nonpolyposis colon carcinoma syndrome (NHPCC) |
|
Definition
| defect in DNA mismatch repair |
|
|
Term
| what is the problem in xeroderma pigmentosum |
|
Definition
| defect in nucleotide excision repair |
|
|
Term
| what is the problem in Bloom's, Werner's, and rothmund thomson syndromes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the problem in BRCA1/2 mutations |
|
Definition
| defect in double strand break repair cases breast cancer |
|
|
Term
| what are the three effects of carcinogenesis, the thee MOA categories of cancer development |
|
Definition
activation of oncogenes (mutant alleles) transforms cells and promotes autonomous cell growth
mutation of growth inhibiting cancer supressor genes (anti-oncogenes)
mutation of genes controlling apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| in general, how do oncogenes cause cancer |
|
Definition
dominant: only one needs to be activated
change gene sequence making new protein that is no longer inhibitory (oncoprotein)
product causes over production of normal proteins |
|
|
Term
| what is an autocrine loop |
|
Definition
| when some cancer cells acquire the ability to make the same growth factors they are responsive to so it creates loop that sitmulates the continued growth of the tumor |
|
|
Term
| how do anti-oncogenes work |
|
Definition
| mutation of growth inhibitng cancer supressor is recessive so both genes must be damaged |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of dominant mutation of genes controling apoptosis |
|
Definition
| overproduction of BCL-2 in follicular lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of recessive mutation of genes controling apoptosis |
|
Definition
| homozygous loss of p53 in most cancers |
|
|
Term
| what is the two hit hypothesis |
|
Definition
two mutations are needed to cause retinoblastoma (an many other cancers)
applies to all recessive cancer genes |
|
|
Term
| what are the two reasons cancer can divide unlimitedly |
|
Definition
telomerase is turned on
alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism |
|
|
Term
| how does the alternative lengthening of telomeres mechanism work |
|
Definition
| recombination and amplification of dna at chromosome ends |
|
|
Term
| what is the normal activity over time at the telomere, what is a telomere made of |
|
Definition
repeat on end of chromosome with TTAGGG telomeres that shorten as the cell divides (unless it has telomerase like in germ or stem cells)
evuntally it will get too short and will register as DNA damage and signal apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| why does a tumor need to do angiogenesis, what if it doesnt |
|
Definition
blood can only diffuse 2mm so when a big tumor grows blood cannot get to the center
some neoplasms grow so fast the interior necrosis |
|
|
Term
| how do tissues protect against excessive angiogenesis |
|
Definition
| tissues have anti-angiogenesis factors and angiogenesis inhibitors to keep it in check |
|
|
Term
| what are the ways cancer increases angiogenesis |
|
Definition
loss of angiogenic inhibitors
production of angiogenic initiators |
|
|
Term
| what are the inhibitors of angiogenesis cancer turns off |
|
Definition
| p53 mutation allows for angiogenesis to start |
|
|
Term
| what are the angiogenic initiators cancer turns on, how are they induced |
|
Definition
VEGF: controlled by RAS, induced by hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1)
FGF: stored in ECM, released as tumor cleaves ECM during invasion |
|
|
Term
| how does angiogenesis work in benignn tumors |
|
Definition
it dosent
the pituitary grows until it pushes on stella turcia and squishes the vessels and then it spontaneously regresses due to the nutrient limitation |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 things a cancer needs to overcome to metastasise |
|
Definition
breech BM, interstitial CT, and vessel wall
evade host immune system |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 ways cancer tries to evade host immune system |
|
Definition
form emboli with platelets so they hide in cell
travel as single cell and hope to not get caught |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common 2 places of cancer spread |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 least common places for cancer spread |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does a cracinoma usually spread |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does a sarcoma usually spread |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does colon carcinoma usually spread |
|
Definition
| penetrates gut wall and spreads to peritoneal cavity |
|
|
Term
| where does lung cancer usually spread |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does ovarian cancer usually spread |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 MOA to cancer malignancy |
|
Definition
detachment of tumor cells from eachother
attachment of tumor cells to matrix components
degredation of ECM
migration of tumor cells |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways tumor cells detach from eachother |
|
Definition
inactivation of E-cadherin genes (in almost all epithelial cancers)
mutation of B-catenin genes
changes in cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs) gene expression |
|
|
Term
| how do tumor cells attach to matrix when traveling (2) |
|
Definition
lamanin: cancer cells have receptors on all sides (unlike normal cells)
fibronectin: cancer cells dont have it so they can detach from ecm and reattach to it later |
|
|
Term
| how do tumor cells degrade ECM (4 steps) |
|
Definition
tumor secretes proteases or stimulates fibroblasts to make...
MMP (matrix metalloproteases): digest protein
cathepsin D: peptodase
type IV collagenase |
|
|
Term
| how do tumor cells migrade (3) |
|
Definition
clevage produces of some ECM components are chemotactic for tumor cells
tumor cell derived cytokines (autocrine motility factor)
growth factors IGF-1 and II |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 most common cancers in men |
|
Definition
prostate
lung and bronchus
colon and rectum |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 most common cancers in women |
|
Definition
breast
lung and bronchus
colon and rectum |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 most deadly cancers in men |
|
Definition
lung and bronchys
prostate
colon and retcum |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 most deadly cancers in women |
|
Definition
lung and bronchys
breast
colon and rectum |
|
|
Term
| where do most cancers come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can mortality of cancer be determined, give two examples |
|
Definition
more preventable = more deadly
smoking: lung cancer
western diet (low fiber, high fat): colon and rectal cancer |
|
|
Term
| who is cancer more common in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the common cause of cancer in the young |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cancer in japan |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cancer in us |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cancer in africa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common cancer in KY, why |
|
Definition
lung and bronchial
number one smoking state |
|
|
Term
| where does hepatocellular carcinoma come from, what cancer does it cause |
|
Definition
| aspergillus in moldy nuts and grain releases alfatoxin causing carcinogens that progresses to liver cancer |
|
|
Term
| what is the most potent carcinogen |
|
Definition
| alfatoxin from aspergillus |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common origin for cancer under 4yo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the most common origin for cancer over 4yo |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can familial cancers be identified |
|
Definition
in 2+ close relatives
multiple or bilateral tumors |
|
|
Term
| what are the six causes of acquired paraneoplasitc disorders |
|
Definition
persistent regenerative cell replication
hyperplastic and dysplastic proliferation
chronic atrophic gastritis
chronic ulcertive colitis
leukoplakia of oral cavity, uvula, or penis
vilous adenomas of the colon |
|
|
Term
| two examples of persisent regenerative cells replication causing cancer |
|
Definition
squamous cell carcinoma in long unhealed wounds
hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic liver |
|
|
Term
| two examples of hyperplastic and dysplastic prolieration causing cancer |
|
Definition
endometrial carcinoma from hyperplasia
bronchogenic carcinoma in dysplastic bronchial mucousa of smokers |
|
|
Term
| one example of chronic atrophic gastritis causing cancer |
|
Definition
| gastric carcinoma in pernicious anemia |
|
|
Term
| example of chronic ulcerative colitis causing cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of leukplakia of oral cavity, vulva, or penis causing cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| example of vilous adenoma of the colon causing cancer |
|
Definition
| high risk of transformation to colorectal carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| explain the normal process of regulation og G1 to S stage of the cell cycle |
|
Definition
cyclins are transcribed from DNA and complex with CDK phosphorlyating them
complexes phosphorlyate RB protein
RB protein release E2F transcription factor
E2F promotes proteins allowing cell to go from G1 (rest) to S (prep for division)
in M phase RB is dephosphorlyated
RB binds E2F transcription factor
cell division stops in G1 |
|
|
Term
| what three oncogene dysruptions in the cyclin cell regulation cause cancer |
|
Definition
cyclin D over expression
CDK4 over expression
CDK inhibitor down regulation |
|
|
Term
| what differnt combinations of cyclins and CDK are there (4) |
|
Definition
cyclin D with CDK4 or CDK 6
cyclin E with CDK2
cyclin A with CDK |
|
|
Term
| what does cyclin D overexpression cause to happen, what three cancers have this |
|
Definition
lots of CDK4 activation
breast, liver, lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| what does CDK4 over expression cause to happen, that three cancers have them |
|
Definition
lots of RB phosphorlyation
sarcoma, melanoma, glioblastoma |
|
|
Term
| how are CDK inhibitors rendered ineffective by oncogenes (4) |
|
Definition
down regulation
degredation
cytoplasmic mislocation
sequesteration |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in a RB mutation |
|
Definition
| RB cannot be dephosphorlyated so it cannt bind E2F |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of RB mutations |
|
Definition
familial retinoblastoma
sporadic retinoblastoma
oncogenic virus retinoblastoma |
|
|
Term
| familial retinoblastoma: inheritence, effets (2) |
|
Definition
autosomal recessive but looks like dominant because it is only one random mutation away from dominant
retinoblastoma and WATCH OUT FOR osteosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in sporadic retinoblastoma |
|
Definition
| both normal RB genes get a somatic mutation |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in oncogenic virus retinoblastoma, 3 example viruses |
|
Definition
virus binds RB so it cannot bind E2F
(polyomavrus, adenovirus, HPV) |
|
|
Term
| explain how normal p53 works (2 prep steps, 3 cell effects) |
|
Definition
DNA damage signals unbinding of p53 from MDM2
p53 activates transcription factors that turn on genes to...
1. activate CDK inhibitors stopping cyclin/CDK complexes from phosphorlyating RB protein pausing the cell cycle
2. activate DNA repair
3. activate apoptosis if it is not successful |
|
|
Term
| what does p53 do in a successful and unsuccessful DNA repair |
|
Definition
success: p53 promotes transcription of MDM2 which degrates p53 (short half life)
not: p53 promotes transcription of apoptosis genes (like BAX) |
|
|
Term
| what are three ways to have a p53 problem |
|
Definition
Li-fraumeni syndrome - inherited
inhibited by DNA viruses
acquired- two random mutations |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in li-fraumeni syndrome, what is the effect |
|
Definition
inherit 1 p53 mutation in every cell
25x chance of malignancy by 50 yo |
|
|
Term
| how do viruses inhibit p53, 3 example viruses |
|
Definition
proteins of virus encode oncogenes
(HPV, HBV, EBVg7) |
|
|
Term
| how does TGF-B regulate cell cycle |
|
Definition
| binds receptors 1-3 and sends signal to SMAD and stimulates CDK1 which stops transcription of cyclin E and A, stopping cell in G1 |
|
|
Term
| when is TGF-b mutated, what part of the process is normally wrong |
|
Definition
mutated in cell cancers
usually SMAD4 or type II receptor mutation |
|
|
Term
| explain how cell size is regulated |
|
Definition
B-catenin senses cells are too far away and activates growth
B-catenin binds E-catenin making intracellular adhesions when cells are closing stopping B-catenin from activating cell growth |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of APC, how does it work |
|
Definition
some B-catenin will be unable to pair with C-cadherin and may still go to the nuclei and say for the cell to grow
APC comes in and complexes with TcF transcription factor in quiescent cells forming destruction complexes and degrading excess B-catenin |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in a homozygous APC/B-catenin mutation |
|
Definition
| loss of APC activity stops degradation of B-catenin causing trancription of cell cycle proteins and cell growth |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in a heterozygous APC/B-catenin mutation |
|
Definition
familial adenomaus polyposlsosis:
adenomatus polyps form on colon in teens and 20s
some will ahve malignant transofrmation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell is induced to divide so MYC binds DNA causing transcription of growth genes (like CDK)
right after delivering the message they should stop being made |
|
|
Term
| what happens in a oncogene induced MYC mutation |
|
Definition
| amplification of a region that contains MYC |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 oncogene induced MYC mutations |
|
Definition
MYC over expression
N-MYC over expression
L-MYC over expression
burkitt lymphoma (B cell tumor) |
|
|
Term
| what cancers result from MYC over expression (3) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cancer results from N-MYC over expression, what is a microscopic sign |
|
Definition
neuroblastoma
karotype double minutes (little MYC chromosomes with repeats) |
|
|
Term
| what cancer results from L-MYC over expression, what is a microscopic sign |
|
Definition
small call cancer in the lung
karotype double minutes (little MYC chromosomes with repeats) |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of burkitt lymphoma |
|
Definition
| B cell tumor due to translocation of MYC from CH8 to CH14 next to heavy chain Ig genes increasing Ig production in WBC |
|
|
Term
| what should a chromosome 14 issue tell you |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| phosphorlyates things via tyrosine kinase, sends signals to nucleus, promotes apoptosis when DNA is damaged |
|
|
Term
| explain how oncogenes cause ABL translocation |
|
Definition
| oncogene induces translocation of ABL from CH9 long arm to CH22. ABL is now with BCR making phildelphia chromosome. CH9 becomes abnormally long and CH22 short. |
|
|
Term
| what does a ABL translocation cause to happen within the cell |
|
Definition
| TK activates RAS which cannot localize to the nucleus and apoptosis stops |
|
|
Term
| what is a phildalphia chromosome diagnostic for |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GF binds RAS receptor which signals cell proliferation via MAP kinase mediated transcription of cell cycle proteins
inactivated RAS is bound to GDP after ONE signal is sent |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common oncogene mutation, what happens |
|
Definition
RAS mutation
GTPase activity is broken and RAS is always activated causing continous transcription of cell cycle proteins |
|
|
Term
| what are two categories of issues an oncogene can cause with growth factor receptors |
|
Definition
mutant receptor proteins deliver continous mitogenic signals to cells
over expression of growth factor receptor |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in a mitogenic EGF receptor mutation |
|
Definition
| it is continously activated (despite absence of EGF or TGFa and more cell division occurs allowing more chance for mutations |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in oncogenic over expression or ERBB1 EGF, where does this happen |
|
Definition
increased activation
squamous cell carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in HER3 (ERBB2) oncogenic over expression |
|
Definition
| increased activation causes gene to be expressed over and over and so when transcription is turned on HER2 builds up on surface of cellls causing breast cancer |
|
|
Term
| how is apoptosis regulated and activated |
|
Definition
BCL-2 binds BAX so cytochrome C isnt activated
BCL-2 lets go of BAX which binds BAD which activates cytochrome C which binds APAF-1 which begins capsase cascade |
|
|
Term
| what are three types of apoptosis mutations |
|
Definition
BCL-2 over expression
follicular lymphoma
APAF-1 mutation |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in BCL-2 over expression |
|
Definition
| too much BAX is stopped so apoptosis cannot occur |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in follicular lymphoma |
|
Definition
| BCL-2 translocates from Ch12 to CH14 by Ig heavy cjain gene causing excessive (not rapid) proliferation |
|
|
Term
| what occurs in a APAF-1 mutation |
|
Definition
| loss of functional gene in some melanomas |
|
|
Term
| how does UV ratiation cause neoplasm |
|
Definition
| causes pyrimidne dimers in DNA mutating protoncogenes and tumor supressor genes causing skin cancer |
|
|
Term
| what causes ionizing radiation |
|
Definition
| X, Y, a, B rays, protins, neutrons |
|
|
Term
| how does ionizating radiation cause neoplasm |
|
Definition
| causes ss and ds breaks of cells, especially those in G2 |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of RNA oncogenic virus that causes neoplasm, what kind of neoplasm |
|
Definition
| human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) targets CD4 causing leukemia |
|
|
Term
| what are three DNA oncogenic visues and what neoplasm do they cause |
|
Definition
hepatitis B: hepatocellular carcinoma
EBV: burkitt (B cell) lymphoma
HPV: benign squamous cell papilloma |
|
|
Term
| what types of HPV cause cervical cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kind of cancers are HPV very commonly involved in |
|
Definition
| 75% of squamous cell carcinoma and 100% of preneoplastic disorders (dysplasia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| kaposki sarcoma associated herpes virus |
|
|
Term
| what two parts of HPV cause problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does HPV viral protein E6 do |
|
Definition
| inhibit p53 stopping apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| what does HPV viral protein C7 do (3) |
|
Definition
inhibits p53 stopping apoptosis
inhibits p21 which now can no longer inhibit cyclin D / CDK4 complex so now it can run free and cause growth
inhibits RB-E2F complex so it can cause transcription and growth |
|
|
Term
| what neoplasms does helobacter pylori cause |
|
Definition
| gastric carcinoma and gastric lymphoma (aka marginal lymphoma or maltoma) |
|
|
Term
| what is evidence that host immune defenses have a role in tumor frmation |
|
Definition
| increased risk of cancer and autoimmune disease |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of tumor antigens, where are they located |
|
Definition
on cell surface MCH-1 to be recognized by CD8
tumor specific antigens: only on tumor cells
tumor associated antigens: on tumor cell and some normal cells |
|
|
Term
| where are tumor specific antigens appearing (5) |
|
Definition
| oncoprotein (RAS), over expressed proteins (HER-2), oncogenic virus antigens, oncofetal proteins (CEA), a-feroprotein |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of tumor associated antigens |
|
Definition
| tissue specific and differentiation specific |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of a tumor associated antigen, what can it be used for |
|
Definition
prostate specific antigen
not good for prostate cancer because it shows cancer, inflammation, enlargement, ejaculation, etc |
|
|
Term
| anything that decreases immunity.... |
|
Definition
| increases risk for cancer |
|
|
Term
| list 4 cancer immunosurvelence mechanisms |
|
Definition
subclones with antigens recognized by immune system are eliminated
tumor may have abnormal HLA and get destoried
tumor may not have co-stimulatory molecules for sensitization to T cells
immune supression by carcinogen or expression of FAS B tumor stimulates apoptosis of T cells |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 clinical features of a neoplasm |
|
Definition
impinge on adjacent structures
hormone production
ulceration
cancer cachexia |
|
|
Term
| what are two examples of a neoplasm impinging on adjacent structures |
|
Definition
pituitary adenoma: compresses and destories gland (hypopitutiarism)
carcinoma of the bile duct: fatal biliary tract obstruction |
|
|
Term
| what are two examples of a neoplasm secreting hormones |
|
Definition
adenoma in islets causes hyperinsulinism
carcinoma of adrenal cortex causes hyperaldosteronism |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 complications of neoplasm ulcer |
|
Definition
bleeding
predisposition to infection
gastric ulcer can cause Fe deficient anemia
intrussuception: tumor protrudes into lumen and causes telescoping leading to infarction |
|
|
Term
| what are 5 signs of cancer cachexia |
|
Definition
cancer wasting syndrome: loss of body fat and mass, weakness, anorexia, anemia
with increased metastasis comes increased cachexia |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 persumed causes of cancer cachexia |
|
Definition
increased calories expended and basal metabolic rate
reduced food intake due to abnormal appetite control
protein mobilizing or lipolytic molecules released caused by tumor or host cytokines and proteolysis factor release
TNF release inhibiting appetite and lipoprotein lipase |
|
|
Term
| what are 5 examples of paraneoplastic syndromes |
|
Definition
cushings syndrome
SIADG
hypercalcemia
venous thrombus
non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis |
|
|
Term
| define paraneoplastic syndrome |
|
Definition
| cannot be explained by tumor tiself, its origin, or secretions |
|
|
Term
| what are 3 concerns with paraneoplastic syndrome |
|
Definition
early sign of neoplasm
lethal side effects
mimic metastastic pattern |
|
|
Term
| what are three neoplasms that are associated with cushings synfrom and what do they secete |
|
Definition
small cell carcinoma of lung: insulin
pancreatic carcinoma: ACTH
neural tumor |
|
|
Term
| what are two neoplasms that are associated with SAIDH and what do they release |
|
Definition
small cell carcinoma of the lung: ADH, ANP
intracranial neopasm |
|
|
Term
| what neoplasm is hypercalcemia associated with, what does it release |
|
Definition
| small cell carcinoma of the lungs: PTH, TNFa, TNF, IL-1 |
|
|
Term
| what two neoplasms are associated with brnous thrombosis, what do they produce, what effect does this have |
|
Definition
pancreatic carcinoma
bronchogenic carcinoma
make mucins that cause clotting |
|
|
Term
| what neoplasm is non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis associated with, what does it secrete, what is the effect |
|
Definition
found in advanced cancer
secretes tissue factors that cause hypercoagulation |
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Term
| what is the purpose of staging and grading |
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Definition
| quantify agressiveness and current spread |
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Term
| what is the purpose of grading a tumor |
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Definition
tells agressiveness.
differes per type of carcinoma
tells how well differentiated |
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Term
| what are the levels of tumor grading, what do they mea |
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Definition
1: typical tissue - well differentiated
2: nothing like the neighboring tissue |
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Term
| what are the two ways to stage cancer |
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Definition
| TNM and american joint comission |
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Term
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Definition
primary TUMOR
regional NODE involvement
METASTIASIS |
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Term
| what are the 5 T rankings, what do they mean |
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Definition
Tis: confined to epithelium (in situ)
T1: small
T2: more invasion at primary site (medium)
T3: large - invasion beyone primary site margin
T4: very large - in adjacent tissues |
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Term
| what are the 4 N rankings, what do they mean |
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Definition
N0: not spread to adjacent nodes
N1: spread to regional nodes
N2: spread to many regional nodes
N3: spread to distand nodes |
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Term
| what are the 2 M rankings, what do they mean |
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Definition
M0: no metastasis
M1: metastasis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the three categories of testing for tumors |
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Definition
obtaining sample
immunohistochemistry
serum tumor markers
ancillary tests |
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Term
| what are 4 ways to obtain a tumor sample |
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Definition
excision
biopsy
aspiration
smear (PAP) |
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Term
| what is the purpose of tumor immunohistochemistry |
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Definition
| determine tissue of origin of metastic or poor differentiated tumor |
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Term
| how does immunohistochemistry work |
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Definition
| monoclonal antibody markers are identified |
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Term
| what are 4 examples of monoclonial antibody markers that are identified with immunohistochemistry and their associated cancers |
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Definition
thyrobluboin - thyroid cancer
S100 - melanoma or neural
CD markers - lymphoma/leukemia
estrogen - breast cancer |
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Term
| what are the uses of serum tumor markers |
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Definition
| tumor specific or associated markers that screen, monitor Tx, or detect recourrance of tumors |
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Term
| what are three examples of serum tumor specific markers and their associated cancers |
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Definition
a-fetoprotein (AFP): hepatoma, testicular germ cell tumor
B-hCG: trophoblastic tumor, carcinoma
prostatic specific antigen: prostate cancer |
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Term
| what are 4 ancillary tests for tumors, what two are used for prognosis |
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Definition
flow cytometry: prognosis
PCR/dnA probes
karyotyping: prognosis
flourescent in situ hybridization (FISH) |
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Term
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Definition
| person you are studying in a inheritence chart |
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Term
| whem you have anemia in an adult you should think of...? why? |
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Definition
| GI problem because Fe deficiency in the USA is very uncommon without some GI condition |
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Term
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Definition
| fecal occult blood screen looks for RBC exodgenous peroxidase (turns blue) |
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Term
| what does hematochezia mean |
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Definition
| visible blood in stool, distal GI bleed |
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Term
|
Definition
tarry black stool from blood exposed to digestive enzymes
stomach or upper GI bleed |
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Term
| what causes a false positive guaiac test |
|
Definition
rare meat
crvicterous veggies
horseradish
myoglobin |
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Term
| what causes false negative guaiac test |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the problem in LeFraumini syndrome |
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Definition
|
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Term
| sporatic colon cancer: when does it appear, now many areas affected, how do you get it, where does it go |
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Definition
shows in older age
1 affected spot
little family hx (20%) its spontanous
majority on left/distal colon |
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Term
| familial adenotamous polyposus: cause, when does it appear, how many areas affected, how do you get it, where does it go |
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Definition
APC mutation allows B-catenin into cell to allow division
appears in 20-30s
thousands of polyps
germline mutation
majority on left/distal colon |
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Term
| hereditary non-polypupus cancer syndrome: when does it show up, how many areas effected, how do you get it, where does it go |
|
Definition
shows in 40s
several polyps
family history of colon cancer (1 inherited mutation increases chances of more)
appears in right/proximal colon |
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Term
| what cancers is HMPCC associated with |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
microsatelite instability in APC gene
repetative microsatelites are subject to mismatch and when DNA replicates it slips and messes up so DNA mis match repair fixes it. but the repair gene is broken so it allows for amplication of the microsatelites
if this occurs in a coding gene (like APC) it allows for bad proteins. bad APC allows B-catenin to keep allowing cell replication |
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Term
| how is HMPCC identified in the lab |
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Definition
immunohistochemistry
antibody used against genes. if they bind there gene is there and working.
varability in length of microsatelites in ANY (not just the tumor) tissue can cause mis match repair issue |
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Term
| what does a TP53 mutation cause to happen |
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Definition
| prevents apoptosis in all cancers |
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Term
| how often is a RAS mutation seen |
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Definition
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Term
| explains what happens in chronic myeloid leukemia |
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Definition
ABL normall detects DNA damage and uses TK to phosphorlyate to cause apotosis
ABL is translocated from Ch9 to Ch22 where it fuses with BCR and activates RAS causing cell cycle protein trancription and is prevented from going to nucleucs to start apoptosis |
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Term
| what gene mutations cause growth promotion (5) |
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Definition
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Term
| what gene mutations cause loss of tumor supression (3) |
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Definition
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Term
| what gene mutations cause stop of apoptosis (3) |
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Definition
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