Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Path Inflammation
KYCOM Block 9
115
Pathology
Graduate
08/19/2013
Click here to study/print these flashcards.

Create your own flash cards! Sign up here.

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 

 

Cards

Term
where does inflammation occur, why, what does it involve, what regulates it
 Definition
vascularized CT responds to noxious stimuli. involves plasma, circulating cells, vessels and CT

mediated by chemicals from plasma and cells
Term
what are causes of inflammation (6)
 Definition
toxins from microbes of enivornment
physical factors like heat or trauma
microbes
necrotic tissue
foreign bodies
immune response: hypersensitive, autoimmune, immune complex
Term
what are the function os fhte 1ummune response (4)
 Definition
protect healthy tissue by localising the isolating injured tissue
inactivate toxins made by humoral factors and enzymes
destories or limits growth of infectous agents
prepares area for wound healing
Term
what are the down sides to inflammation, give an example (4)
 Definition
organ damage: myocarditis

excessive scar formation: keloids, contractures

fistula formation: chrons disease

infiltration and inflammation of healthy tissue: glomerulonephritis, arthritis, allergic reactions
Term
what are the reaction of vessels to infammation (7)
 Definition
accumulation of fluid
leukocyte recruitment
rubor: erythema
calor: heat
tumor: swelling
dolor: pain
loss of function: function laesa
Term
what is the time length of chronic vs acute inflammation
 Definition
chronic is days to years
acute is minutes to days
Term
what are the 2 main characteristics of chronic and accute inflammation
 Definition
chronice: vascular perforationa and scaring, lymphocytes and macrophages

acute: fluid and plasm aprotein edudates
neutrophillic leukocyte accumulation
Term
what is the general MOA of acute inflammation
 Definition
Vasoactive mediators (histamine from mast cells, leukotrienes) cause endothelial contraction

Contraction (vasodilation) opens space between cells allowing substances through that are bigger than normal and increases blood flow

This immediate transient response lasts for 15-30 min

Neutrophils arrive and recruit macrophages via cytokines (or endothelium changes)

Macrophages sustain the inflammation and vessel contraction

New vessel formation persists until intracellular junctions form
Term
whagt is a seroma
 Definition
fluid filled tumor/swelling due to new vessels because they are leaky and allow the plasma out. Could spread sutures apart.
Term
what are normal changes for a vessel
 Definition
hydrostatic pressure and colloid osmotic pressure are in check not allowing protein leakage
Term
transudate: what is it, what qualifies it, what are the results of it
 Definition
o Fluid with low protein concentration and specific gravity of <1.012
o Secondary to hydrostatic imbalance
o Fluid leaks from vessels into ECF due to: Decreased protein synthesis decreases colloid osmotic pressure. Increased hydrostatic pressure due to venous outflow obstruction
Term
edudate; what is it a sign on, what qualifies it, what is the reuslt of it
 Definition
o Big sign of inflammation
o Inflammatory extravascular fluid has a high protein concentration, cellular debris, and specific gravity >1.020
o Secondary to alteration of vascular permeability
o Fluid and proteins leak out due to: Vasodilation and stasis due to inflammation. Increased endothelial spaces due to inflammation
Term
edema: what is it, where does it come from, what activates it
 Definition
Big sign of inflammation

Inflammatory extravascular fluid has a high protein concentration, cellular debris, and specific gravity >1.020

Secondary to alteration of vascular permeability

Fluid and proteins leak out due to

Vasodilation and stasis due to inflammation

Increased endothelial spaces due to inflammation
Term
MOA of edema
 Definition
o Vasodilation in arterioles then capillary beds
o Slowing of circulation secondary to increased permeability of microvasculature resulting in outpour of protein into ECF
o Stasis allowing leukocytes to stick to endothelium and migrate across vessel wall into interstitial tissue
Term
what is pus made of
 Definition
• Purulent inflammatory exudate rich in leukocytes, debris of dead cells and microbes
Term
what is rolling, adhesion, and transmigration dependent on
 Definition
cytolkines
Term
why do neutrophils come first to an inflammatory site
 Definition
rolling, adhesion, and transmigration are required on the arriving cell. neutrophils dont have to do this
Term
selectin: what is it, where is it, what locations, what types
 Definition
o Sugars on cells that bind sialylated forms of oligosaccharides
o Stored on weibel-palade bodies. Histamine stimulates movement to cell border to be used.

endoderm E-selectin, P selecting
platelets P selectin
leukocytes L sekectin
Term
what are endothelial adhesion molecules, what do they do
 Definition
o Act as ligans for integrins like CAMs (on surface of cells)
o Immunoglobin family
o Major protein mediating transmigration (PECAM-1)
o Help WBC bind other cells
Term
integrans: what ate they, where are they, how are they acivated, where do they go
 Definition
o Transmembrane glycoproteins
o Mostly on WBC with its ligand on the endothelium
o They are always on WBC surface and not sequestered but don’t have a high binding affinity unless activated by histamine or thrombin
o Bind ligands on endothelial cells, other leukocytes, and ECM
Term
what does rolling adhesion
 Definition
neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, lymphocytes
Term
transmigration: aka, function, MOA
 Definition
•Adhesion molecules help WBC get between cells. proteases (ex: collagenases) secreted to digest the basement membrane and let the cell get through

diapedisis
Term
activation of rolling or transmigration by leukocytes
 Definition
• Leukocytes respond with oxidative burse to…
o Destroy invading microbes
o Degranulate to release digestive enzymes that help clear dead tissue and microbes
o Elaborate arachidonic acid metabolites to recruit other cells involved in inflammation repair
Term
what is the most common type of activation in transmigration, exmples too
 Definition
o G-protein signals the release of Ca from the cell stores signaling
Arachadonic acid
Degranulation
Opsin release serum proteins that bind targets for phagocytosis
• IgG can also serve as this tag
Term
what helps phagocyte recognize particles, what is it made of, give examples
 Definition
opsonin, serum protein
Ig Fc region, C3b fragment of complement, collectins bind microbe wall sugar
Term
how do phagocytes kills stuff
 Definition
A. vacuole with microbe (phagosome) fills with lysosomal granules
B. oxidative burse stimulated via NADPH oxidase
C. NADPH oxidase converts oxygen to superoxide
D. superoxide converts to hydrogen peroxide
E. hydrogen peroxide converts to a hydroxyl radical
F. asurophilic granules of neutrophils myeloperoxidase uses halides (Cl ) to make hypochlororous radical (bleach)
G. HOCl- does most microbe killing
Term
what are other ways of killing other than phagocytes
 Definition
o Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs): chromatin and anti-microbial granule proteins
o Bactericidial permeability increasing protein: activates phospholipase
o Lysosome: decrades bacteria oligosaccharides
o Major basic protein: in eosinophils, kills invasive parasites
o Defensins: forms pores in microbial membranes
Term
resident cells: functions, what are they
 Definition
initiate acute inflammation

mast cells and macriphages
Term
mast cells, what to they react to, what do they do
 Definition
o React to physical trauma, complement products, microbes, neuropeptides
o Release histamine, leukotrienes, enzymes, cytokines (TNF, IL-1, chemokines)
Term
macrophages what do the recognize what do they do
 Definition
o Recognize microbes and secrete cytokines causing inflammation
Term
how is the inflammatry response terminated
 Definition
Due to short half-life of chemical mediators of inflammation and switch to production of anti-inflammatory mediators
Term
where do cell derived mediators come from
 Definition
o Locally made by cells at inflammation site
 From platelets, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells
o Derived from circulating inactive precursors
 Made in the liver
 Ex: complement, kinins
Term
how are cell derived mediators produced
 Definition
o Sequestered in intracellular granules and stored until used
 Ex: histamine in mas cell granules
o Made upon request
 Ex: prostaglandins, cytokines
Term
how do cell derived mediators work
 Definition
o Can act on one or a few cell types with different actions in each cell
o Can have direct enzymatic or toxic activity without required binding to receptor first
Term
how are cell derived mediators regulated
 Definition
o Quickly decay, are inactivated by enzymes, are eliminated, or are inhibited
Term
what are the vasoactive amines
 Definition
cell derived mediators
histamine and serotonin
Term
where is histamine made, what does it do
 Definition
o Made resident mast cells (and basophils and platelets which circulate)

 vasodilation and permeability increase
 Venular endothelial contraction and formation of interendothelial gaps
Term
what is histamine activated and inactivated by
 Definition
 Physical injury, trauma, or heat
 Immune reactions binding IgE to Fc receptor on mast cell
 C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins
 Leukocyte derived histamine releasing proteins
 Neuropeptides (substance P)
 Cytokines IL1 and IL8
 Physical injury, trauma, or heat
 Immune reactions binding IgE to Fc receptor on mast cell
 C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins
 Leukocyte derived histamine releasing proteins
 Neuropeptides (substance P)
 Cytokines IL1 and IL8


 Inactivated by histaminase
Term
where is serotonin made what does it do
 Definition
o In platelet granules released during aggregation
 Induces vasoconstriction during clotting (notes say vasodilation and increased permeability)
o Made in some neurons and enterochromaffin cells
 Neurotransmitter that regulates intestinal motility
Term
ecosanoids: what are they, what do they do, where do they come from, how are they regulated
 Definition
o AA metabolite cell mediators
o Initiate and inhibit inflammation
o Increases synthesis at sites of inflammation
o Released from leukocytes, mast cells, endothelial cells, and platelets
o Decay spontaneously or are enzymatically destroyed
Term
explain the process of ecosanoid formation up until the splitting point
 Definition
• Phospholipases are activated by physical, chemical, or inflammatory mediator stimuli
o Inhibited by steroids
• Phospholipases release membrane phospholipid arachadonic acid (derived from linoleic acid)
• Arachadonic acid is converted to
o Cyclooxygenase and 5-lipooxygenase
Term
explain the path of cycloogygenase until its three terminal pathways and their functions
 Definition
 Cyclooxygenase is converted to prostaglandin G2 then prostaglandin H2
 Prostaglandin H2 is turned into different products
• Prostacyclin GI2 via prostacyclin synthase in endothelial cells
o Vasodilation, inhibits platelet aggregation
• Thromboxane A2 via thromboxane synthase in platelets
o vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation
• Prostacyclin GD2 + GE2 in mast cells (notes say macrophages, endothelium, and platelets)
o vasodilation, increase vascular permeability, pain, fever
Term
explain the pathway of lipooxygenase until its terminal products and their functions
 Definition
 Is converted to 5-HPETE in leukocytes which is converted to
• 12-lipooxygenase which is converted to
o Lipotoxin A4 +B4 in platelets and neutrophils
 inhibit neutrophil adhesion and chemotaxis
 platelets need neutrophils to do final activation
• Leukotriene A4 which is converted to
o Leukotriene B4 in neutrophils
 causes chemotaxis to recruit neutrophils
o Leukotriene C4-E4 in mast cells
 bronchospasm, increased vascular permeability, vasoconstriction
Term
where is platelet activating factor made, how
 Definition
• generated from membrane phospholipids of neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, endothelial cells, and platelets
• phospholipase A2 releases PAF from the membrane
Term
what does platelet activating factor do
 Definition
o Platelet activation
o causes bronchioconstriction (more than histamine)
o vascular effects
 low levels: vasodilation, increased permeability
 high levels: vasoconstriction, bronchoconstriction
o stimulates synthesis of other mediators
o enhances leukocyte adhesion, chemotaxis, leukocyte degranulation, and respiratory burst
Term
what cytokines are major players in acute inflammation
 Definition
TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, chemokines
Term
what cytokines are major players in chronic inflammation
 Definition
INF-γ, IL-12
Term
INF and IL1: what stimulates production, what makes them
 Definition
o Produced by activated macrophages, mast cells, endothelial cells
o Secreted via stimulation by microbial products, immune complexes
 IL-1 is also released from the imflammasome (see above)
Term
enothelial effects of TNF and IL-1
 Definition
• Leukocyte adherence
• Prostaglandin GI2 synthesis
• Coagulation activation, anticoagulant decrease (via TNF)
• IL-1, IL-8, IL-6, PDGF increase
Term
systemic effects of TNF and IL-1, include any helper mediators too
 Definition
• Fever, lethargy, decreased appetite (IL-1, IL-6, TNF)
• Increased acute phase protein in liver (IL-1, IL-6)
• Hemodynamic effects: shock
• decreased BP (TNF)
• Cachexia: metabolic wasting
• Neutrophilia
• Insulin release in skeletal muscle (TNF, IL-1)
Term
fibroblast affects of IL-1
 Definition
• Proliferation
• Collagenase and collagen increase
• Protease increase
• PGE synthesis
Term
leukocyte effects of TNF and IL1
 Definition
• Activation (TNF, IL-1)
• stimulate marrow precursors to produce more leukocytes to replace the ones consumed in inflammation (TNF, IL-1, IL-6)
• Stimulate expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells
• Increase IL-6 and IL-6
Term
how do chemokines work, what types are there
 Definition
 Bind to G protein receptor (CXCr4 or CCR5) on target cell

CXC and CC
Term
CXC: what does it act on, what makes it, what stimuli
 Definition
• Act mostly on neutrophils
• Produced by macrophages, endothelial cells, mast cells, and fibroblasts in response to IL-1 and TNF
Term
CC chemokine: 3 functions and their MOA
 Definition
• Monocyte chemoattractant
o Include monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-1a
• Memory CD4 chemo attractant
o RANTES: Regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted
• Eosinophil chemoattractant
o Via eotaxin
Term
functions of both types of chemokines
 Definition
 Chemoattractants for leukocytes
 Activate leukocytes
 Control development of T vs B lymphocytes in nodes and spleen
Term
what enzymes makes ROS, where, what stimuli
 Definition
• made with NADPH oxidase (phagocyte oxidase) in lysosome
• released from neutrophils and macrophages via stimulifrom microbes, immune complexes, cytokines
Term
what are the functions of high and low levels of ROS
 Definition
o Low levels: increase chemokine, cytokine, adhesion molecule expression
o High levels: injury
 Endothelial damage via thrombosis and increased permeability
 Protease activation and antiprotease activation breaks down ECM
 Direct cell injury
Term
what are the functions of NO
 Definition
o Regulates neurotransmitter release and blood flow in CNS
o Used in macrophages as (microbocidal) cytotoxic agent
o Relaxes smooth muscle in endothelial cells causing vasodilation
o Antagonize platelet adhesion, aggregation, and degranulation
o Reduce leukocyte recruitment
Term
how is NO made
 Definition
o Made on demant from L-arginine + O2 + NADPH + nitric oxide synthase (NOS)
Term
function of complement C1-9
 Definition
o Activated by proteolysis
o Cause MAC attack: lysis of microbe
Term
C3 is activated by three pathways, explain them
 Definition
 Classic complement pathway: triggered when C1 encounters antigen-antibody complex
 Alternate plathway: triggered when bacterial product encounters properdin and Factors B and D
 Lectin pathway: triggered when plasma lectin binds to mannose on microbe which starts the classic pathway
Term
once activated, C3 goes to microbe surface then what
 Definition
 C3 convertase which cleaves it into C3a and C3b
 C5 convertase which cleaves it into C5a and C5b
Term
vascular effects of complements
 Definition
(C3a and C5a)
• Induce mast cells to release histamine increasing permeability with vasodilation
• Can cause symptoms like anaphylaxis
• C5a activates lipooxygenase pathway which makes more inflammatory mediators
Term
laukocyte effects of complements
 Definition
(C5a, C3a, C4a)
• Activate leukocytes
• Increase adhesion to endothelium
• Chemoattractant to neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils
Term
phagocyte effects of complements
 Definition
• C3b acts as opsonin which makes phagocytosis easier for neutrophils and macrophages
Term
MAC effects of complements
 Definition
(C9)
• Needs C6-8 to activate it
• Kills bacteria by making pores and disrupting osmotic balance
Term
hageman factor: where is it made, what does it do
 Definition
o Made in liver and circulates inactive until it finds collagen, BM, or activated platelets
o Initiates kinin system and clotting system, fibrinolytic system, complement system
Term
explain the kinin system
 Definition
 Bradykinin is formed from its precursor (HMW kininogen)
 Bradykinin causes increased vascular permeability, arteriolar dilation, bronchial contraction
 Kallikerin is intermediate is made and activates Hageman factor to create a loop
 Bradykinin is degraded by kinases quickly
Term
explain the clotting system
 Definition
 Thrombin
• cleaves fibrinogen which makes fibrin clots
• binds to platelets, endothelial cells and enhances leukocyte adhesion
• generates fibrinopeptides during fibrinogen cleavage that increase vascular permeability
• cleaves C5 to C5a

 Factor Xa
• causes increased vascular permeability and leukocyte emigration
Term
explain the fibrinolytic system
 Definition
 Plasminogen activator is released from endothelium, leukocytes and tissues
 Activated by kallikerin
 Cleaves fibrin and lyses clots
 Cleaves C3 into C3a causing vasodilation and increase permeavility
Term
what are the antiinflammatory cell mediators. what do they do
 Definition
• Lipoxins: see arachidonic derived mediators
• IL-10: down regulate response of macrophages
• TGF-B: helps in fibrosis tissue repair after inflammation
Term
what cells or molecules are involved in acute respiratory distress syndrom
 Definition
neutrophils
Term
what cells or molecules are involved in acute transplant rejection
 Definition
lymphocytes, andibodies, complement
Term
what cells or molecules are involved in asthma
 Definition
eosinophils, IgE
Term
what cells or molecules are involved in glomerulnopheritis
 Definition
antibodies, complement, neutrophils, monocytes
Term
what cells or molecules are involved in septic shock
 Definition
cytokines
Term
what cells or molecules are involved in athlerosclerosis
 Definition
macrophages and lymphocytes
Term
what cells or molecules are involved in primary fibrosis
 Definition
macrophages and fibroblasts
Term
what cells or molecules are involved in chronic transplate rejection
 Definition
lymphocytes, macrophages, cytokines
Term
what cells or molecules are involved in RA
 Definition
lymphocytes, macrophages, antibodies
Term
chrnic inflammation: length, three characteristics
 Definition
• Infiltration with mononuclear cells
o macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells
• Tissue destruction
o Due to inflammatory products
• Repair
o new vessel proliferation (angiogenesis)
o fibrosis
Term
what does chronic inflammation happen
 Definition
persistant infection
immune mediated inflammatory diseases
prolonged exposure to toxic agents
Term
give examples of persistant infections that cause chronic inflammation
 Definition
o Mycobacterium tuberculosis, treponema pallidum (syphilis), some viruses and fungi
o T lymphocyte mediated delayed type hypersensitivity
Term
give examples of immune inflammatory disease that cause chronic inflammation
 Definition
o Autoimmune reactions
 Rheumatoid arthritis, IBS, psoriasis
o Allergic diseases
 Bronchial asthma
 Mixed acute and chronic symptoms
Term
what is the dominant cell of chronic inflammation
 Definition
macrophages
Term
what is the mononuclear phagocyte / reticular endothelial system
 Definition
 Macrophages usually hang out in CT of spleen, liver, and lymphnodes
 There are also some around the tissues to clean up particulates and kill microbes
Term
explain macrophage production
 Definition
 Come from precursors in marrow that release monocytes into blood
 Arrive at site of injury in 24-48 hours and mature into macrophages
Term
how are macrophages classically activated, what do they do
 Definition
• Stimulated by endotoxin, T cell signals, INF-γ, particulates
• Production of products for microbe digestion
o lysosomal enzymes, NO, ROS
• Secrete eicosanoids, cytokines and complements to stimulate inflammation
• Display T antigens to T cells and respond to their signsls
Term
how are macrophages alternativly activated what do they do
 Definition
• Stimulated by InF-γ, IL-4, IL-3, T cells, mast cells, and eosinophils
• Secrete growth factors for angiogenesis
• Activate fibroblasts to stimulate collage synthesis
• Classic activation can turn into alternate later
Term
how do lymphocytes sustain chronic inflammation
 Definition
 Macrophages display antigens stimulate T cell
 T cell produces INF-γ to activate macrophage
Term
what are plasma cells, what do they do
 Definition
o Terminally differentiated T cells
o Produce antibodies against antigens in inflammatory site
Term
eosinophils: location, function
 Definition
o Usually around parasitic infections or IgE mediated allergic reactions
o Travel on adhesion molecules and towards eotaxn chemokines
o Granules have major basic protein
 Charged cationic protein
 Parasite toxin
 Causes epithelial cell necrosis
Term
mast cells: location, function
 Definition
o Distributed in CT
o Participate in acute and chronic inflammatory response
o Produce inflammatory cytokines
o Has IgE antibody for environmental antigens
 when IgE encouters mast cell it releases histamine and causes acute inflammation
 too much of this can cause anaphylactic shock
Term
what are the morphological patterns of inflammation
 Definition
serous, fibrinous, suppurative, ulceration, granulomatous
Term
serous inflammation: characterized by, develops intp, morphology
 Definition
• Serous cavity is filled with protein poor
• from either serum or mesothelial cell secretions

• increased vascular permeability

• skin blister
Term
fibrinous inflammation: characterized by, develops intp, morphology
 Definition
• fibrin can be seen in the ECF
• seen on meningies, pericardium, and pleura

• greater vascular permeability that allows fibrinogen to escape

• fibrinous pericarditis
• may lead to dangerous adhesions that restrict organ function
Term
suppurative inflammation: characterized by, develops intp, morphology
 Definition
• large amounts of purulent exudate (pus) containing neutrophils, necrotic cells, and edema fluid
• abscess = focal collection of pus

• pyogenic organisms (e.g., S. aureus)

• skin abscess
• scaring in the future
Term
ulcerative inflammation: characterized by, develops intp, morphology, example
 Definition
• epithelial surface becomes necrotic and eroded

• sloughing of necrosed and inflammatory tissue near the surface

• peptic ulcer
• stasis ulcers (diabetics)
Term
granulomatous inflammation: characterized by, develops intp, example
 Definition
• aggregates of activated macrophages that assume an epithelioid appearance (are flat like squamous cells)
• macrophages may fuse to form multinucleate giant cells


• persistent T-cell response to microbes and foreign bodies (attempting to “wall off” invader)

• persistent T-cell response to microbes and foreign bodies (attempting to “wall off” invader)
Term
what cytokines have a role in the acute phase reaction, what is their role
 Definition
TNF and IL-1 have similar functions

IL-6 stimulates hepatic synthesis of plasma proteins
Term
explain how a fever is produced
 Definition
o Bacterial products (like LPS layer) release IL-1 and TNF (endogenous pyrogens)
o IL-1 and TNF increase cyclooxygenases which convert AA into prostaglandins
o PGE2 stimulates neurotransmitters that increase the temp set point in the hypothalamus
o Fever helps fight off the organisms
Term
what are the acute phase proteins, what are the released by, from where
 Definition
IL-6 in hepatocytes

o C-Reactive protein
o Fibrinogen
o Serum amyloid A
Term
c reactive protein: function, interpertation
 Definition
 Measure of inflammation
 Marker for necrosis and disease activity
 Elevation indicates increased risk for MI or stroke
Term
fibrinogen: function, interpertation
 Definition
 Increased during inflammation
 Binds to RBC and causes them to stack (rouleaux) and sediment
 Basis of erythrocyte sedimentation rate lab test (higher in women)
Term
serum amyloid A: function, staining
 Definition
 Replaces apolipoprotein to help target lipids to macrophages for energy source
 Stained with congo red. Shows green in polarized light
Term
what are normal, infectous, and super nigh WBC counts
 Definition
 Normal 4,000 – 11,000 cells/uL
 Normal infection levels 15,000 – 20,000 cells/mL
 Extraordinary levels 40,000 – 100,000 cells/mL
Term
what is a super high WBC count called, why
 Definition
• Leukemoid reactions: levels of leukocytes seen in leukemia because the cancer is WBC reproducing at high rates
Term
what are the causes of leukocytosis/neutropenia
 Definition
 Accelerated release of cells (due to cytokines and increased colony stimulating factors (CSFs)) from the marrow post-mitotic pool
 Increased lymphocytes are associated with viral infections
 Increased neutrophils are associated with bacterial infection and acute inflammation
Term
what does shift left mean
 Definition
presence of immature cells
Term
what is the concern about immature leukocytes in the blood
 Definition
 Asurophilic granules arise when these immature leukocytes mature in the bood
 Dhole bodies: Blue cytoplasmic inclusions that are remnents of the ER
Term
neutropenia: cause, moa
 Definition
o Can come from drug therapy
 Catecholamines, lithium, corticosteroids
 Inhibit adhesion molecules and release of neutrophils from migrating pools
Term
eisiophilia: cause
 Definition
o Associated with type I and II hypersensitivity (allergic reaction, asthma) and parasite infections
Term
leukopenia: definition, cause
 Definition
o Decrease in WBC
o Associated with some viral infections, typhoid fever, rickettsiae, some protozoa
Term
what are other symptoms of acute phase reaction
 Definition
o Increase HR and BP
o Decreased swelling
o Shivering, Rigors, chills
o Anorexia, malaise
o Sepsis
Supporting users have an ad free experience!