Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Path Hemodynamics
Gems
18
Pathology
Graduate
09/28/2011

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Increase Hydrostatic Pressure

can result from

Definition

Ascities(liver cirrhosis), constrictive pericardidtis

 

Regional increases from impairment in venous return: DVT

 

Generalized increases in venous pressure from CHF: compromised right ventricular function

Term

Reduced Plasma osmotic pressure(hyperproteinemia)

Caused by:

Definition

Protein-losing glomerulopathies(nephritic syndrome)

 Glolerular capillaries  become leaky

 

Malnutrition

 

Decreased intravascular volume(from ↓Albumin) → decreased renal perfusion, activates rennin-angiotensin

More edema.

Term

Edema

Lymphatic Obstruction

causes:

Definition

Chronic inflammation with fibrosis

 

Tumors

 

Radiation

 

Infections: Filariasis(parasite) causes inguinal lymphatic and lymph node fibrosis → external genitalia and lower limb swelling (elephantiasis)

 

Surgical removal of breast and axillary lymph nodes in breast  cancer, also increases risk of angiosarcoma(stewart-treves syndrome)

Term

Sodium Retention & Edema

How does it  cause it?

Definition

Excessive salt intake → increase in retained fluid → increase in venous pressure

 

SOdium retention causes increase in hydrostatic pressure, and decreases colloid osmotic pressure(dilution from water retention)

Term

Renin / Angiotensin system

Activation and effects

Definition

Renin(kidney, from ↓arterial pressure) converts angiotensinogen → angiotensin I

 

angiotensin I → Angiotensin II via ACE(lung/renal endothelium)

 

Angiotensin II increases Na+, Cl-, H2O retention

 via aldosterone from adrenal cortex

 

Angiotensiin II: vasoconstriction

 

Angiotensin II: Stimulates ADH release from posterior pituatery. H2O absorption in collecting ducts

Term

Left sided heart failure

causes & resulting edema

Definition

Causes:

 Ischemic heart disease

 Hypertension

 Mitral valve disease

 Myocardial disease

 

Edema:

 Pulmonary congestion → interstitial edema(interlobar septa - Kerley B lines)

 Fluid in alveoli

 

 Left chamber blood statis

 Left ventricular hypertrophy

 Tissue hypoperfusion

Term

Right sided heart failure

Causes & pathology/edema

Definition

Causes:

 Most commonly by left sided heart failure

 Hypertension

 Ischemic heart disease

 

Pathology:

 Congestion of hepatic and portal vessels: hepatomegaly, nutmeg liver, splenomegaly

 

Venous congestion → effusions in pleural pericardial and peritoneal spaces

 

Anasarca, pitting edema

 

Term
Dependent Edema
Definition

Subcutaenous is normally dependent edema: legs when standing

 

Pitting edema is a sign of dependent edema

 

Signals underlying cardiac or renal disease

Term
Renal Dysfunction and Edema
Definition

Renal dysfunction can efffect all parts of body

(renin/angiotensin)

 

Periorbital edema in severe renal disease

Term
Pulmonary Edema
Definition

Normally result of Left ventricular failure

 

Edema fluid in lungs creates ideal environment for microbes(infetion)

Term

Hyperemia

vs

Congestion

Definition

Hyperemia

 active process(exercise/inflammation) in which arteriolar dilation results in increased blood flow(erythemia)

 

Congestion

 Passive process from reduced outflow of blood from a tissue(cyanosis)

 

Chronic congestion can cause capillary rupture → clusters of hemosiderin-laden macrophages

 

 

Term
Acute vs Chronic pulmonary Congestion
Definition

Acute pulmonary congestion

 engorged alveolar capillaries

 

Chrnoic pulmonary  congestion

 septa are thickened and fibrotic(kerley b lines)

 Hemosiderin laden macrophages

Term

Petechia

What are they?

Causes?

Definition

minute 1 to 2 mm Hemorrhage

 

Causes:

 thrombocytopenia(low platelet  counts)

 Defective platelet function(uremia)

 

Term

Purpura

what are they?

Causes?

Definition

Purpura

>3 mm hemorrhage, similar to petechiae but larger

 

Causes:

 Thrombocytopenia, uremia, trauma

 Vasculitis

 Increased vascular fragility(amyloidosis, accumulation of misfolded protein)

Term

Ecchymoses

What are they?

What causes colors?

Definition

Ecchymoses(bruises)

1 to 2 cm subcutaenous hematomas

 

Causes:

 Trauma

 

 RBCs degraded → hemoglobin(red/blue)

 hemoglobin → billirubin(blue-green)

 billirubin

 hemosiderin(gold-brown)

Term

DIC

 

how do you treat?

Definition

Antibiotics, if septic shock

 

Intensive insulin therapy for hyperglycemia

 

FLuid resuscitation to main system pressures

 

COrticosteroids to correct adrenal insufficiency

Supporting users have an ad free experience!