Term
| what is the most common type of diarrhea, what is the usual outcome, what is the usual cause, what are the exceptions (2) |
|
Definition
watery is most common
usually lasts 1-3 days and is self limiting
pathogens attack the intestines
vibro cholera and giardia can last for weeks and be severe |
|
|
Term
| what are the 6 cayses of bacterial infections |
|
Definition
enterobacteriaceae: E. eoli, salmonella, shigella, yersinia
camplobacter
vibro
C. diff |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 viral causes of diarrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 parasitic causes of diarrhea |
|
Definition
entameoba
giardia
cryptosopridium |
|
|
Term
| E. coli: classification, metabolism, energy production |
|
Definition
gram negative rod
facultative anaerobe
lactose fermenter |
|
|
Term
| how is E. coli identified |
|
Definition
MacConkey agar pink
EMB agar black/blue colonies with a metalic green sheen |
|
|
Term
| 3 virulence factors on all E. coli |
|
Definition
| LPS, pili, K antigen on capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enterotoxigenic (ETEC)
enteropathogenic (EPEC)
enteroaggreative (EAEC)
enterohemorrhagic (EHEC)
enteroinvasice (EIEC) |
|
|
Term
| enterotoxigenic E. coli: disease, type of diarrhea, 2 enterotoxins, how acquired |
|
Definition
travelers diarrhea
watery diarrhea
LT and ST toxins
fecal oral |
|
|
Term
| enteropathigenic E. coli: disease, type of diarrhea, 2 virulence factors, how acquired |
|
Definition
infant diarrhea
watery diarrhea
fimbrae, E. coli adherence factor
fecal oral |
|
|
Term
| Enteraggregative E. coli: 2 diseases, type of diarrhea, 3 virulence types, how acquired |
|
Definition
travelers diarrhea, infant diarrhea
persistent diarrhea
fimbrae, EAST, PET virulence
fecal oral |
|
|
Term
| enterohemorrhagic E. coli: 2 diseases, 2 diarrhea descriptives, 3 virulence factors, 2 ways to acquire |
|
Definition
hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome
mild bloody diarrhea
pili, shiga toxin 1 and 2
undercooked beef, unpasturized milk |
|
|
Term
| enteroinvasice E. coli: describe diarrhea, 2 virulence factors, how to acquire |
|
Definition
very bloody diarrhea
invasive plasmid antigen, invasion, local spread
fecal oral |
|
|
Term
| salmonella: classification, metabolism, energy production |
|
Definition
| gram negative rod, aerobic, non lactose fermenter |
|
|
Term
| why do you need to eat a lot of salmonella to make you sick |
|
Definition
| because it is susceptible to acid so the stomach kills it |
|
|
Term
| salmonella: 6 virulence factors |
|
Definition
motile: flagella with H antigen
non-lactose fermenting
produces H2S
LPS
capsule
faculative intercellular replication in vacoules |
|
|
Term
| how is salmonella acquired 2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what diseases does salmonella cause, what strain |
|
Definition
typhoid fever - S. typhoid
entercolitis/gastroenteritis - S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium |
|
|
Term
| typhoid fever: cause, 6 signs |
|
Definition
Salmonella typhi
abdominal pain, fever, chills, red spots (macules) on trunk and abdomen, hepatosplenomeagly, erosionof peyer's patches leading to bleeding |
|
|
Term
| entercolitis / gastroenteritis: cause, incubation time, 6 clinical signs |
|
Definition
Salmonella enteritidis or typhimurium
6-48h incubation
nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, watery diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, symptoms prolonged with antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| how are salmonella infections treated |
|
Definition
| need electrolytes and hydration to survive |
|
|
Term
| shigella: classification, metabolism, energy production |
|
Definition
gram negative rods
aerobic
non-lactose fermenter |
|
|
Term
| shigella: 5 virulence factors, how do they work |
|
Definition
shiga toxin: disrupts protein synthesisin 60S ribosome
invade M cells: replicate in cytoplasm and polymerize actin filaments to propel through cytoplasm
pass from cell to cell
humans are only resivour |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| shigella disease: name, what strain, what type of diarrhea, 2 symptoms, 3 keys to look for in culture |
|
Definition
Enterocolitis/schigellosis
S. dysenteriae (most pathogenic)
bloody diarrhea
abdominal pain and fever
dosen't ferment lactose, no H2S, non-motile |
|
|
Term
| shigella treatment and prevention (3) |
|
Definition
| antibiotics, fluids and electrolytes, better sanitation |
|
|
Term
| how can salmonella infection clinically begiin |
|
Definition
| constipation and headahce |
|
|
Term
| why do people in third world countries die from GI infections |
|
Definition
| not as much due to lack of antibiotics as it is due to lack of clean water and electrolytes to rehydrate |
|
|
Term
| Yersiniea enterocolitica: classification, metabolism, energy production |
|
Definition
| gram negative rod, aerobic, non-lactose fermenter |
|
|
Term
| yersineia enterocolitica: 2 virulence factors |
|
Definition
endotoxins
motile at 25C, non motile at 37C |
|
|
Term
| how to acquire yersinia enerocolitica (4) |
|
Definition
| contaminated meat, milk, water, pet feces |
|
|
Term
| how is yersinia enterocolitica diagnosed |
|
Definition
| cefsulodin-irgasn-novobiocin (CIN) agar: deep red with transparent margin |
|
|
Term
| yersinia enterocolitica: disease name, incubation time, type of diarrhea, 5 symptoms |
|
Definition
enterocolitis
incubation 1-10 d
bloody diarrhea
fever, abdominal pain, mimic chrons or appendicitis, arthirits, septicemia |
|
|
Term
| campylobacteri jejuni: classification, metabolism, energy production |
|
Definition
gram negative rod comma shaped
miceoaerophillic
non-lactose fermenting |
|
|
Term
| how to diagnose camplyobacteri jejuni |
|
Definition
| campylobacter agar (skirrow) grows at 42C |
|
|
Term
| what agar differentiates between salmonella and shigella, how do you know |
|
Definition
H and E agar
light green colonies with black centers indicates H2S which means salmonella |
|
|
Term
| campylobacter agar 2 virulence factors |
|
Definition
| enterotoxin that effects GI and cytotoxins |
|
|
Term
| how is campylobacter acquired |
|
Definition
fecal oral
poultry
reservoid: intestines of humans, cattle, sheep, dogs, cats, poultry |
|
|
Term
| campylobacteri jejuni: what disease, 7 symptoms |
|
Definition
gastroenteritis
inflammatory diarrhea
fever
abdominal pain sort of like appendicitis
10+ bowl movements a day
bloody diarrhea
reactive arthritis
guillain barre |
|
|
Term
| guillain barr: type of disease, disease associated with it, 1 symptom, cause |
|
Definition
autoimmune
symmetrical weakness with recivery needing months
antigenic cross reactive with LPS bacteria and peripherial nerve galgliosides |
|
|
Term
| what is the ddx when someone has gastroenteritis caused by camplobacteri jejuni |
|
Definition
| chrons, ulcerative colotis |
|
|
Term
| what is the treatment for camplobacter jejuni |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vibro cholera: classification, metabolism, energy production |
|
Definition
| gram negative rod curved, facultative anaerobe, non-lactose fermenter |
|
|
Term
| what is the issue with GERD and GI infections |
|
Definition
| medicines that decrease stomach acid take away that defence from the GI tract and allow for more infection |
|
|
Term
| vibro cholera virulence 3 |
|
Definition
polar flagella, motile
cholera A-B toxin increases cAMP |
|
|
Term
| 3 ways to acquire vibro cholera |
|
Definition
| contaminated water, shellfish, person to person |
|
|
Term
| how is vibro cholera diagnosed |
|
Definition
| TCBS:thiosulfate citrate bile salt sucrose medium: alkaline, turns back on orange |
|
|
Term
| vibro cholera symptoms: 5 |
|
Definition
watery diarrhea
vomiting for 2-3 days
rice water stool
severe fluid and electroltyte loss and dehydration |
|
|
Term
| 4 attributes of rice water stool |
|
Definition
| colorless, odorless, free of protein, speckled with mucus. literal sloughing off of the intestines |
|
|
Term
| vibro cholera treatments 2 |
|
Definition
fluids and electrolytes
antibiotics (resistance reported) |
|
|
Term
| giardia lambila: two forms what what they look like |
|
Definition
trophozoite: tear drop, 2 nuclei, central karyosome, 4 flagella, adhesion discs on ventral side that attach in duodenum and mess with fat digestion
cyst: 2 nuclei, older has nuclei, thick wall, internal fibers |
|
|
Term
| 11 ways to get giardia lambila |
|
Definition
| streams, lakes, mountains, bevers, muskrats, fecal oral (water, fruits and veggies), poor sanatation, endemic region, untreated water, daycare centers, oral anal sex |
|
|
Term
| giardia lambila symptoms and incubation 8 |
|
Definition
asymptomatic
symptomatic
incubates for 10 days
foul smelling
watery diarrhea
abdominal cramps
flatuence
steatorrhea |
|
|
Term
| how is giardia lambila diagnosis 4 ways |
|
Definition
stool sample over multiple days
duodenal aspiration or small intestine biopsy if stool sample is negative
microscopy
fecal antigen test |
|
|
Term
| treatment of giardia lamblia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cryptosporidium parvium: aka, two reproductive forms, what form is the one we acquire, where, where does it go in the body |
|
Definition
sporozoa
asexual (schizogony) and sexual (gametogony)
oocyst stage is excreted in feces
obligate intracellular |
|
|
Term
| how is cryptosporidium parvum obtained 2 |
|
Definition
| animal reservior, fecal oral |
|
|
Term
| how iscryptosporidium parvum diagnosed |
|
Definition
| cyssts acid fast stained or immunoflourescence |
|
|
Term
| wha disease does cryptosporidium parvum cause, what are the two forms of the disease |
|
Definition
| cryptocporidiosis: the disease is different in immunocompentent vs immumocompormized |
|
|
Term
| cryptocporidiosis - immunocompetent: incubation, duration, describe the diarrhea, 5 symptoms |
|
Definition
1-2 week incubation
lasts 5 days
provuse explosive watery diarrhea
abdominal cramps, anorexia, nausea, weight loss, vomiting |
|
|
Term
| cryptosporidiosis - immunocompormized: describe diarrhea, what illness is it like, treatment |
|
Definition
severe diarrheafulminant cholera like illness
needs IV rehydration therapy |
|
|
Term
| rotavirus: virus family, is it enveloped, describe capsid |
|
Definition
family retroviriade
non-enveloped dsDNA virus
double capsid structure |
|
|
Term
| rotavirus: how is it pathogenic (3) |
|
Definition
shortens microvilli in duodenum and jejunum decreasing absorption and enzymes
destories intestinal cells
defects in fat and carb absorption |
|
|
Term
| how is rotavirus acquired and in who |
|
Definition
infants and kds
fecal oral |
|
|
Term
| roatvirus: incibation, describe diarrhea, 3 symptoms |
|
Definition
1-3 day incubation
watery brown stool
low grade fever
dehydration
vomiting |
|
|
Term
| norwalk virus: virus family, is it encapsulated, describ capsid, describe genetics |
|
Definition
caliviriade
naked
icosahederal
postive sense ssRNA |
|
|
Term
| norwalk virus: pathogenesis |
|
Definition
damage to intestine brush border prevents absorption of water and nutrients,
low dose needed for infection |
|
|
Term
| norwalk virus: how acquired 3 |
|
Definition
fecal oral
contaminated food and water
outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis on cruist ships |
|
|
Term
| norwalk virus: symptom, how diagnosed |
|
Definition
watery diarrhea
PCR of stool sample |
|
|
Term
| norwalk virus: disease name, incubation, duration, re=infection, 3 symptoms |
|
Definition
24-48 hour incubation
12-60 hour duration
immunity is short lived
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| what are some infectious process that are related to food poisoning (4) |
|
Definition
pathogen is usually directly involved in the infectious process
incubation time is usually shorted
usually after a single meal
intoxication: toxin made by the pathogen is involved |
|
|
Term
| S. aureus: 2 virulence factors, 3 ways to acquire, how do diagnose, treatment |
|
Definition
heat stable enterotoxin SE-A, releases toxins into food
meat, mayo, custard
detect toxin to diagnose
infection is self limiting |
|
|
Term
| S. aureus: incubation, duration, 3 symptoms |
|
Definition
2-4 hour incubation, 5-24 hour duration,
vomiting, diarrhea, abdomial pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clostridium perringens: incubation, where is it found, symptom |
|
Definition
9-15 hour incubation
contaminated seafood (shellfish)
watery diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| clostridium botulinum: metabolism, 4 ways to acquire |
|
Definition
obligate anaerobe
soil, dust, improperlly canned food, traumatic implantation |
|
|
Term
| what is the clostridium botulism virulence factor, how does it work |
|
Definition
A-B neurotoxin (C. botulinum toxin)
absorbed by gut and carried to peripherial nerves where it blocks ACh release which blocks neutotransmission at cholinergic synapses |
|
|
Term
| clostridium botulinum: incubation, 9 symptoms |
|
Definition
12-36 hours incubation
flacid paralysis, weak, dizzy, blurred vision, fixed dilated pupils, dry mouth, vomiting, diarrhea, floppy baby syndrome |
|
|
Term
| how is clostridium botulinum diagnosed |
|
Definition
| identify toxin in food or serum, feces, or fastric fluids |
|
|
Term
| how is clostridium botulinum treated 2 |
|
Definition
ventilation support
trivalent botulism antitoxin |
|
|
Term
| bacillus cereus classification and 2 virulence factors |
|
Definition
gram positive rod
spore forming
causes ubiquination |
|
|
Term
| bacillus cereus transmission |
|
Definition
| foodborne: fried rice, food kept warm not hot on buffet |
|
|
Term
| what disease does bacillus cereus cause, what are the two forms |
|
Definition
| gasteoenteritis: enteric and diarrheal |
|
|
Term
| baillus cereus - enteric form: duration, incubation, acquired by, what causes the issues, 3 symptoms |
|
Definition
1-6 hour incubation
24 hour dutation
heat stable enterotxins are ingested in fried rice
nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps |
|
|
Term
| bacillus cereus - diarrheal: what causes symptoms, acquired from, symptom |
|
Definition
heat liable enterotoxin stimulates cAMP in interstitial epithelial cells
comes from contaminated meats and sauces |
|
|
Term
| bacillus cereus treatment 4 |
|
Definition
self limiting
vancymycin
ciproflaxcin
gentamacin |
|
|
Term
| where is E. coli that causes food poisoning come from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| salmonella: incubation, souorce, disease |
|
Definition
6-48 hour incubation
poutlry, meat, eggs
dysentery |
|
|
Term
| trichinella spiralis: incubation, source, 2 symptoms |
|
Definition
3-30 day incubation
pork and other meat
fever, myalgia |
|
|
Term
| shigella: incubation, disease |
|
Definition
12-48 hour incubation
dysentery |
|
|
Term
| hepatitis A incubation and source |
|
Definition
1--45 day incubation
shellfish |
|
|
Term
| pathophysiology of hepatitis |
|
Definition
hepatic damage (cell injury and necrosis) via...
inflammatory response
direct antibody attack against viral antigens destorying infected cells
edema and swelling |
|
|
Term
| what does the edema and swelling of hepatitis cause in the liver 5 |
|
Definition
| lead to capillary collapse, decreased blood flow, tissue hypoxia, scarring, fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| hepatitis: viral family, genome, is it enveloped |
|
Definition
picornavirus
positive sense ssRNA virus
non-enveloped |
|
|
Term
| hepatitis A pathophysiology |
|
Definition
| ingested virus spreads from intestines to liver, replicates in hepatocytes, sheds in bile and feces |
|
|
Term
| how is hepatitis A acquired 4 |
|
Definition
fecal oral
endemic in poor countries
shed in stool before and after jaundice
contamnated shellfish via sewer water |
|
|
Term
| hepatitis A liver symptoms and incubation |
|
Definition
no liver symptoms
2-4 week incubation |
|
|
Term
| hepatitis A diagnosis process |
|
Definition
| detect serum igM antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hepatitis B: virus family, is it enveloped, genome |
|
Definition
hepadnavirus
small enveloped stable virus
circular dsDNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Dane particle: viron, infectious
HBsAg (HepB surface antigen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood or needle
sexual contact
paraentral
transfusions
acupuncture
medical personnel |
|
|
Term
| what is the chance of symptoms of hepatitis B and incubation |
|
Definition
25% asymptomatic
75 day incubation |
|
|
Term
| what are the acute symptoms of hep B 9 |
|
Definition
fever, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, chills
spontaneous recovery from symptoms
icteric symptoms: jaundice, dark urine, pale stool |
|
|
Term
| what are the fulminant symptoms of hep B |
|
Definition
more severe
1% of icteric patients may be fatal |
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of chronic liver disease 5 |
|
Definition
liver damage: scaring, chirrosis, failure
elevlated liver enzymes
hepatitis d infection |
|
|
Term
| what are lab findings that can help diagnose hep B 5 |
|
Definition
intracellular build up of filamentous HBsAg giving ground glass look
insufficient t cells
chronic hepatitis
chronic infection
inflammation |
|
|
Term
| what disease is associated with hepatitis B, latency, prognosis |
|
Definition
primary hepatocellular carcinoma
9-35 year latency
usually fatal |
|
|
Term
| what are the methods and treatment o bep B |
|
Definition
vaccination
universal blood and fluid percautions
take with lab data
no treatment for acute disease
hep B immunoglobin to newborns and pregnant mothers |
|
|
Term
| how does the Hep b vaccine work, what is a worry, how do you make sue it worked |
|
Definition
release HBsAg into people to outnumber actual viron (can cause hypersensitivity III)
measure 6-8 weeks after dosing |
|
|
Term
| how can hep b be tracked with lab data |
|
Definition
| alanine amino transferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) leak from damaged cells and indicate liver injury |
|
|
Term
| hepatitis C: where is it made, what virus family |
|
Definition
flavivirus
blood borne pathogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
humans or chimps
blood or needles
sex
perinally
iVdu
transfuscion
organ recpipants
hemophiliacs treatment |
|
|
Term
| why is hep C a little better than hep B, why is it worse |
|
Definition
it is more prone to cause chronic disease but less change of chroni asymptomatic infection
hep C has no vaccine |
|
|
Term
| what are the signs of hep C 4 |
|
Definition
viermia for 4-6 months in acute infection
viremia for 10 years in chronic infection
liver damage exacerbated by alcohol
chirrhosis
hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ELISA for anti hep C
RT-PCR in seronegative people
seroconversion in 7-13 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
recombinant inferferon a
pegylated interferon
ribiviarin |
|
|
Term
| hepatitis G virus family, what does it infect |
|
Definition
flavivirus
may not be pathogen in people not fully understood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infected blood or blood products
infects thos with hep C
infects those with hep B |
|
|
Term
| hepatitis E: virus family, enveloped?, genome |
|
Definition
calciviruses
non enveloped
positive sense ssRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the symptoms of hep E and incubation |
|
Definition
incibuatin fo 4-5 weeks
no liver disease
high mobidity in pregnant women |
|
|
Term
| what type of virus is hep D, where is it found (3), how do you get it |
|
Definition
helper virus
in blood, semen, vaginal secretions
have to be infected with hep B first |
|
|
