Term
|
Definition
occlusion or obstruction of mass transported in circulation
detached intravascular soild or gas |
|
|
Term
| what are 5 common sites of emboli origin |
|
Definition
systemic vein or right heart
left heart of main artery
mesenteric/portal vein
crossed embolism
retrograde embolism |
|
|
Term
| what is the usually route of an arterial emboli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the usually route of an venous emboli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the usually route of an portal vein emboli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the usually route of an paradoxial emboli (crossed emboli) |
|
Definition
| passes through ASD or VSD and into general circulation |
|
|
Term
| what are the 9 causes of emboli |
|
Definition
thromboembolis
fat droplets
nitrogen or air bubbles
amniotic fluid
cholesterol (athlerosclerotic)
endocarditis vegitations
tumor
bone marrow
foreign body (bullet) |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of thromboemboli |
|
Definition
pulmonary/deep vein thrombosis
systemic/arterial |
|
|
Term
| what is the number one cause of pulmonary emboli |
|
Definition
| deep leg vein origion from bed rest or trauma |
|
|
Term
| what is the MOA of the damage of a pulmonary emboli |
|
Definition
| prevents blood from going into the lungs |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the complications of a small pulmonary emboli |
|
Definition
could lodge in branching arterioles of pulmonary artery
asymptomatic if not occlusive but could lead to pulmonary hypertension in the future |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the complications of a large pulmonary emboli |
|
Definition
| could occlude main pulmonary artery (saddle emboli) causing sudden death |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| emboli traveling in the arterial circulation |
|
|
Term
| what are the causes of systemic emboli (5) |
|
Definition
intracardiac mural thrombi (80%)
left atrium dilation or fibrillation
heart valve vegetations
aortic mural thrombi
ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques |
|
|
Term
| where is an athlerosclerotic plaque most likley to form |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are the most common sites of systemic embloli |
|
Definition
lower extremities 75%
brain, intestine, kidney, spleen |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of a fat droplet emboli (3) |
|
Definition
fracture of long bone
trauma of soft tissue
liver with fatty changes |
|
|
Term
| what are the consequences of a large fat droplet emboli |
|
Definition
| occluding branching arterioles of pulmonary artery |
|
|
Term
| what are the consequences of a small fat droplet emboli |
|
Definition
| pass through pulmonary circulation to left heart and cause emboli in brain |
|
|
Term
| what are the signs of a fat droplet emboli(6) |
|
Definition
90% asymptomatic
can be fatal
neurological
anemia
thrombocytopenia
petechial rash |
|
|
Term
| how big does a gas emboli need to be to cause obstruction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are three causes of gas emboli |
|
Definition
obstretic surgery
chest wall surgery
decompression sickness |
|
|
Term
| explain why decompression sickness causes emboli |
|
Definition
| sudden change in atmospheric pressure causes high pressure air to be inhaled increasing nitrogen in the blood and if the diver ascends too rapidly and depressurized nitrogen expands in the tissues and bubbles out of solution it can make a gas emboli |
|
|
Term
| how does amniotic fluid cause an emboli (2) |
|
Definition
tear in placenta, rupture in uterine vein
allows amniotic fluid into maternal circulation |
|
|
Term
| what are 6 signs of a amniotic fluid emboli |
|
Definition
dyspenia
cyanosis
DIC
shock
seizure
coma |
|
|
Term
| what do the consequences of an emboli depend on (3) |
|
Definition
contralateral vascular supply to the tissue
tissue vulnerability to ischemia
diameter or caliver of occlusion |
|
|
Term
| what are common outcomes of few small emboli (2) |
|
Definition
| asymptomatic or could cause infarction |
|
|
Term
| what are common consequences of many small emboli (2) |
|
Definition
decrease in volume of pulmonary circulation
pulmonary hypertension
right ventricle failure |
|
|
Term
| what are the common cosequences of a medium emboli (2) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the common consequences of a large emboli (2) |
|
Definition
sudden death
saddle emboli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ischemic necrosis due to itssue anoxia |
|
|
Term
| what are the layers of an infarct |
|
Definition
infarcted center
hemorrhagic line
normal tissue |
|
|
Term
| what are 4 common cause of infarction |
|
Definition
occlusion or artery or venous drainage
MI
cerebral infarct: stroke
twisting of vessel |
|
|
Term
| what are two examples of twisting of a vessel causing infarct |
|
Definition
ovarian torsion
testicular torsion |
|
|
Term
| why is a venous infarct not as terrible as an arterial |
|
Definition
| tend to cause congestion and get bypassed |
|
|
Term
| what are the two kinds of infarct |
|
Definition
white - ischemic
red - hemorrhagic |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of an ischemic infarct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of a hemorrhagic infarct |
|
Definition
| venous occlusion causes congestion |
|
|
Term
| where does a red infarct often occur |
|
Definition
| tissues with dual blood supply: lungs, SI, liver |
|
|
Term
| where does a white infarct often occur |
|
Definition
| solid compact organs with little collateral circulation: spleen, kidney, heart, brain |
|
|
Term
| what happens in the brain if it has an infarct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can a white infarct be identified |
|
Definition
pale, dry, wedge or conical
necrotic lesion |
|
|
Term
| what natural mechanisms can lessen the severity of an emboli |
|
Definition
if the tissue has dual blood supply or collateral vessels
if the occlusion is slow the body can reorganize and make collateral circulation
some cells are more resistant to hypoxia (some aernt...)
good outcome if there hasnt been ischemia or cyanosis. tissue can bounce back |
|
|
Term
| what tissues have low tolerance for hypoxia, how long until damage starts (5) |
|
Definition
neurons 3-4 min
myocardial cells 20-30 min
fibroblasts, seletal muscle: hours |
|
|
