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Path 1
Neoplasia
24
Pathology
Graduate
09/17/2011

Additional Pathology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Teratoma

 

Definition

Teratoma

 

  • Tumor from totipotential germ cells
  • Can differentiate along three germ layers
  • Common in ovary and testis
  • Mature teratoma(Benign): All tissues are mature
  • Immature teratoma(Malignant): Elements of immautre tissue
  • Malignant teratoma: Malignancy arising within mature teratomta

 

 

 

Term
Hamartoma
Definition

Hamartoma


benign-appearing masses composed of cells indingeous to the site


Cowden syndrome: PTEN genetic disorder characterized by multiple hamartomas

Term
Anaplasia and Differentiation
Definition

Anaplasia


loss of structural and functional differentiation of normal cells. Indicative of malignancy


Anaplastic Cells: Pleomorphism, increased mytosis, and atypical mitoses, large nuclei, bizare nuclear shapes


Differentiation


Well differentiated: closely resembles normal cell


Poorly differentiated: Does not resemble normal cell. Associated with anaplastic cells



Term
Small round blue cell tumors
Definition

Small round blue cell tumors


common neoplasms of infancy and childhood

 

Neuroblastoma

Wilms tumor

Retinoblastoma

Acute leukemias

rhabdomyoscarcomas

Term
Neurofibromatosis 1
Definition

Neurofibromatosis 1


NF1 Gene


Lish nodules, cafe-au-lait spots


Autosomal dominant

Term

Inherited Cancer Syndromes

 

Rb

p53

APC

NF1, NF2

BRCA1, BRCA2

MEN1, RET

MSH2, MLH1

PTEN

Definition

Inherited Cancer Syndromes

 

Rb: retinoblastoma

p53: Lif-raumeni syndrome

APC: FAP

NF1, NF2: Neurofibromatosis

BRCA1, BRCA2: Breast Cancer

MEN1, RET: Multiple endocrine neoplasia

MSH2, MLH1: Nonpolyposis colon cancer

PTEN: Cowden syndrome(epithelial cancers)

Term
Defective DNA repair Cancers
Definition

Defective DNA repair Cancers
Generally Autosomal Recessive

 

Xeroderma pigmentosa: nucleotide excission repair

 

Ataxia Telangiectasia: ATM- dsDNA breaks

 

HNPCC: DNA mismatch repair

Term
CHD1 Gene
Definition

CHD1 Gene

 

Encodes E-Cadherin

 

Mutation leads to lobular cancer of breast

Term
EGF receptor family
Definition

EGF receptor family

 

Squamous cell Carcinoma. 80% of total

Term
RAS
Definition

RAS

 

Mutation of RAS is most commone oncogene abnormality

 

Point mutatoin in 90% of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

 

Mutant RAS cannot inactivate by hydrolysis of GTP

Term
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia(CML)
Definition

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia(CML)


BCR-ABL hybrid has potent tyrosine kinsase activity Growth promotion


Philadelphia chromosome: 9;22, BCR-ABL

 

Normal ABL protein causes apoptosis in DNA damage → Apoptosis is impaired in hybrid

 

Treated with Gleevac(Imatinib)

Term
MYC
Definition

MYC

 

MYC protein induced rapidly when quiescent celsl receive cell division signal(Nuclear TF)

 

C-MYC: Burkitt lymphoma 8;14

 

N-MYC: Neuroblastoma(Double minutes) & SCC. Double minutes harbor oncogenes(gene amplification)

 

L-MYC: Small cell carcinoma

Term
p53
Definition

p53

 

Most human cancers have muation in p53

 

Li-fraumeni inherit one bad copy

 

E6 protien of HPV binds and degrades p53

Term
Rb
Definition

Rb

Retinoblastoma

 

Key in cell cycle regulation(active form prevents progression)

 

Rb is inactive in hyperphosphorylated state in G1/S checkpoint

 

Inactive releases E2F → progression

 

 

Term
APC/B-catenin
Definition

APC/B-catenin

 

Tumor suprresor

 

Inherit mutation: FAP 1000's of polyps in late teens

 

B-catenin-E-cadherin germline mutation increases risk of gastric cancer

Term

Tumor Supressor Genes

 

PTEN

NF1/NF2

VHL

WT1

Definition

Tumor Supressor Genes

 

PTEN: Cowdens

 

NF1/NF2: neurofibromatosis type 1/2

 

VHL: Renal cell carcinoma

 

WT1: Wilms tumor

Term
Metabolic Alterations(Warburg Effect)
Definition

Warburg Effect

 

Cancer cells use aerobic glycolysis

 

Allows visulation via PET

Term
Gene Amlpification
Definition

Gene Amplification

 

Double Minutes and homologous staining regions

 

N-myc and ERB2

Term

Steps in chemical Carcinogenesis

 

Initiation & promoters

Definition

Steps in chemical carcinogenesis

 

Initiation causes permanent DNA damage and is not reversible

 

Promoters induce tumors in initiated cells but are reversible as theey do not affect the DNA

Term
HTLV-1
Definition

HTLV-1


Causes T-cell Leukemia and lymphoma

 

Tropism for CD4 lymphocytes

 

In japan and caribbean

 

Tax Gene stimulates proliferation


Term
EBV virus & Cancer
Definition

EBV Virus & Cancer

 

Burkitt Lymphoma t(8;14) Activates MYC gene

 

B cell lymphomas in immunocompromised

 

EBV genome found in 100% of nasopharyngeal carcinoma

 

LMP-1 induce angiogenic factors: VEGF, MMP9

Term

HPV

 

What types in cancer?

Definition

HPV

 

Strains 16 and 18 in cervical and anogenital SCC

 

E6 and E7 viral proteins

Term

Hepatitis B/C

&

Cancer

Definition

Hepatitis B/C

 

Chronic inflammation, hepatocellular injury, stimulation of hepatocyte proliferation and production of ROS that damage DNA

 

Acitvation of NF-KB pathway blocks apoptosis in hepatocytes

Term
Grading and staging of tumors
Definition

Grading and staging of tumors

 

Grade:  Degree of differentiation & number of mitosis

 

Stage: based on size of primary lesion, spread to lymph nodes and presense of blood born metastasis

T for Primary Tumor

N for regional lymph node involvement

M for metasis

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