Term
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Definition
| an infection of the eccrine sweat glands or the glands of Moll. It is most often a low-grade Staph. infection. red mass mainly on the outside (skin surface) of the eyelid. |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronic inflammatory infiltrate of the meibomian or Zeis glands. If a presumed chalazion recurs, biopsy it to be sure that it is not a neoplasm such as a sebaceous carcinoma. red lump mainly on the inside (conjunctival surface) of the eyelid, hist: Epithelioid macrophages w some giant cells. lipid droplets may be present. |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common malignant tumor of eyelid and skin. Usually on the lower medial portion of eyelid. 3 types: nodular, cystic, and morpheaform/sclerotic. |
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Term
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Definition
| 2nd most common, often progress from a scaly noninvasive lesion (a solar or actinic keratosis, or a squamous carcinoma in situ). sometimes has an orange appearance. Histo: look for sqaumous pearls (eosinophilic swirls) |
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Term
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Definition
| Arise from benign nevi. irregular contour and color. daimeter usually > 1 cm. unlike nevi they are usually inflamed. |
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Term
| Sebaceous gland carcinoma |
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Definition
| aggressive tumor that can metastasize. Very red and can mimic blepharoconjunctivitis or recurrent chalazion. Look form loss of lashes as clue to neoplasm. Hist: Solid nest of cells w small clear lipid filled areas in the cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| a raised, yellowish-white, vascularized lesion (see arrow, below left) near the limbus (the scleral-corneal junction). It is seen in the elderly with extensive sun exposure. |
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Term
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Definition
| this is basically a pinguecula extending onto the cornea, interfering with vision |
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Term
| Conjunctival intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN) |
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Definition
| in-situ squamous carcinoma. There are atypical squamous cells in the epithelium without invasion. pale grey, cloudy, irregular discoloration of the conjunctiva with increased vascularity. |
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Term
| Squamous carcinoma of the conjunctiva |
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Definition
| Like squamous carcinoma of the lid, there is invasion of the underlying stroma.Squamous carcinoma is a red raised mass on the sclera. The surface can be irregular. Hist: look for keratin pearls. |
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Term
| Primary acquired melanosis (PAM) |
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Definition
| brown patch on the conjunctiva. It is benign, but can be a melanoma precursor. hyperplasia of intraepithelial lymphocytes(melanocytes?) |
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Term
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Definition
| causes a dendritic ulcer. irregular ulcer of the epithelium, with loss of the special layer just beneath it (Bowman’s layer) . There is also an infiltrate of lymphocytes and plasma cells |
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Term
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Definition
| often due to Pseudomonas from leaving contacts in too long, as shown below. This is an emergency – it can cause corneal perforation with severe damage |
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Term
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Definition
| This causes conjunctival inflammation and often has an indolent course. Special stains are needed to identify the organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| this is usually due to prolonged wearing of contact lenses, and is very difficult to treat. |
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Term
| Corneal stromal dystrophies |
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Definition
| are uncommon, generally heritable causes of corneal opacification. |
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Term
| Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy |
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Definition
| The endothelium degenerates and becomes leaky, allowing fluid to seep into the cornea from the anterior chamber. It causes blurred vision, worst in the morning, in middle aged to elderly patients |
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Term
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Definition
| The corneas gradually become cone shaped, causing astigmatism. |
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Term
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Definition
After eye surgery,
such as cataract removal, the cornea can
become edematous. A bulla (blister) can form
on the corneal epithelium (the epithelium is
detached from the stroma, with fluid in the space
between them, see arrow to right). |
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Term
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Definition
| Superior and temporal, think Marfans. Inferior and nasal think homocytinuria |
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Term
| background diabetic retinopathy |
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Definition
| capillary microaneurysms, dot and blot and flame-shaped hemorrhages, hard exudates, and cotton-wool spots |
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Term
| diabetic proliferative retinopathy |
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Definition
| there is neovascularization (formation of small new vessels), hemorrhage, and fibrosis. This is the main cause of blindness in diabetics |
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Term
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Definition
| changes are similar to those of background diabetic retinopathy, including cotton-wool spots and hemorrhages. In addition, the retinal arterioles appear narrowed. With severe hypertension, papilledema can occur |
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Term
| Central retinal vein occlusion |
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Definition
causes engorgement of the eye with blood (to right).
Tortuous veins, hemorrhages, retinal edema and, if
severe, retinal infarcts can occur |
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Term
| Central retinal artery occlusion |
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Definition
causes blindness with a pale, necrotic retina. There is the appearance of a “cherry-red spot” at the fovea since
the pale, necrotic retina is thinner there |
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Term
| dry-type of macular degeneration |
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Definition
| yellow deposits called drusen under the retina, then atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium particularly at the macula |
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Term
| “wet” form of macular degeneration |
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Definition
| subretinal neovascularization and can have hemorrhages |
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Term
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Definition
| a progressive, inherited degenerative disease of the retina. There is “waxy pallor” of the optic disk, retinal arteriole attenuation, and black retinal pigment changes that are likened to bony spicules. |
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Term
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Definition
| most common optic nerve tumor in children. histologically identical to the brain tumor juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common optic nerve tumor in adults. benign tumor of meningothelial cells surrounding the optic nerve. |
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Term
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Definition
| In children, the most common intraocular tumor is a retinoblastoma, a small blue cell tumor differentiating like primitive retinal neurons and spreading via the optic nerve. In older adults, the most common intraocular tumor is a malignant melanoma of the uvea.cells can be spindled, epithelioid (rounded), or a mixture of both. The tumors with epithelioid cells are more likely to metastasize. spread via scleral vascular channels (below). Metastases are most common in the liver. |
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