Term
| What is the benefits of a CBC? |
|
Definition
| It helps in evaluating symptoms (weakness, fatigue, fever, bruising), diagnosing conditions/diseases (anemia, infection, leukemia), and determining the stages of particular disease |
|
|
Term
| What should be done if a significantly abnormal CBC is obtained? |
|
Definition
| A peripheral blood smear should be prepared and examined |
|
|
Term
| What does a CBC consist of? |
|
Definition
Total WBC count
WBC differential
RBC count
Hemoglobin (Hb) concentration
Hematocrit
Platelet count
RBC indices (mean corpuscular volume, Hb, Hb concentration, and RBC distribution width) |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal WBC count for males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for RBC count in male and females? |
|
Definition
Male: 4.3 - 6.0
Female: 3.5 - 5.5 |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal range from hemoglobin in males and females? |
|
Definition
Males: 13.6 - 17.5
Females: 12 - 15.5 |
|
|
Term
| What are normal levels of hematocrit in women and men? |
|
Definition
Men: 39 - 49%
Females: 35 - 45% |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal platelet count? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a reason for an increased number of RBCs? |
|
Definition
| Hemoconcentration (Dehydration) |
|
|
Term
| When there is a decrease in RBCs, it is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hemoglobin is the major protein of erythrocytes that transports O2 from the lungs to the peripheral tissues |
|
|
Term
| What would be considered an abnormally low Hb level? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two reasons for a false high reading of Hb? |
|
Definition
| Hypertriglyceridemia and a very high WBC count |
|
|
Term
| An increase in Hb can be attributed to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A decrease in hemoglobin can be attributed to what? |
|
Definition
Macrocytic anemia
Normocytic anemia
Microcyctic anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The average volume of RBCs |
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons for MCV to be increased? |
|
Definition
| Liver disease, alcohol abuse, & megaloblastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons for MCV to be decreased? |
|
Definition
| Iron deficiency and thalassemia |
|
|
Term
| How much energy (kcal/gram) is in each Macronutrient? |
|
Definition
Carbohydrates: 4 kcal/gram
Protein: 4 kcal/gram
Fats: 9 kcal/gram
Alcohol: 7 kcal/gram |
|
|
Term
| What is the only energy source for RBCs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the preferred energy for the brain, central nervous system, placenta, and fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is weight management dependent upon? |
|
Definition
| The balance of energy intake and enerygy expenditure, regardless of the proportions of fats, carbs, and protein in the diet. |
|
|
Term
| What are the fat soluable vitamins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A high level of what type of cholesterol is good, what type is bad? |
|
Definition
An increase in LDL cholesterol increases the risk of CHD
An increase in HDL is a benefit |
|
|
Term
| A high cholesterol is a risk factor for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is there a positive relationship between serum triglycerides and the incidence of CHD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High triglyceride is one of the diagnostic criteria for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a high risk person, what is the recommended LDL cholesterol goal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a person is a very high risk, what is the LDL cholesterol goal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When a person is moderately high, what is the recommended goal for LDL cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is Kwashiorkor Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Deficiency of protein in the presence of adequate energy |
|
|
Term
| What is Marasmus Syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Deficiency of protein and energy |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is essential for normal retinol function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin deficiency can cause blindness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the earliest symptom of vitmin A deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Large doses of B-carotenes can do what? |
|
Definition
Stain the skin yellow-orange color
(hypercatotenosis) |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin C deficiency can lead to what disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin allows intestines to absorb calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Deficiencies in vitamin D can lead to what? |
|
Definition
| It can lead to a deficiency of calcium absorbtion, which can cause osteomalacia and rickets |
|
|
Term
| What vitamin is involved with coagulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can you find vitamin K? |
|
Definition
| Leafy vegetables and synthesis by intestinal bacteria |
|
|
Term
| Which vitamin dificiency can cause bleeding? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of Niacin? |
|
Definition
| Can decrease LDL and increase HDL cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What does high doses of Niacin do? |
|
Definition
| Can cause flushing and gastic irritation |
|
|
Term
| What is a deficiency of Thiamine attributed to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thiamine deficiencies lead to what diseases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does wet beriberi involve? |
|
Definition
| Involves the cardiovascular system and high-output cardiac failure |
|
|
Term
| What does dry beriberi involve? |
|
Definition
| Involves the nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is related to what deficiency and what specifically? |
|
Definition
| Thiamine dificiency and Dry beriberi |
|
|
Term
| What should be prescribed with isoniazid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you find a lot of B12? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| People with pernicious anemia, its common for them to have what deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If vitamin B12 is borderline low, what follow up blood tests can be useful? |
|
Definition
| Methylmalonic acid and parietal cells |
|
|
Term
| What are the essentials to diagnosing anorexia nervosa? |
|
Definition
Disturbance of body image and intense fear of becoming fat
Weight loss leading to body weight 15% below expected
In females, absence of three consecutive menstrual cycles
Concept of thinness is unrealistic |
|
|
Term
| People with anorexia nervosa, what is the percentage of women? |
|
Definition
| 90% of the people with anorexia nervosa are females |
|
|
Term
| Amenorrhea is almost always present in what illness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for anorexia nervosa? |
|
Definition
The goal of treatment is restoration of normal body weight and resolution of psychological difficulties
All patients with dianosed anorexia nervosa should be co-managed with a psychiatrist |
|
|
Term
| What are the essential of diagnosis for Bulimia Nervosa? |
|
Definition
Uncontrolled episodes of binge eating at least twice weekly for 3 months
Recurrent inappropriate compensation to prevent weight gain such as self-induced vomiting, laxatives, diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercise |
|
|
Term
| What is the common age range for bulimia nervosa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which eating disorder is the menstrual cycle preserved? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A person with bulimia nervosa will sometimes vomit, what is the physical damage that can be done from vomiting on a regular basis? |
|
Definition
| Can result in poor dentition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RDW is a measure of the degree of anisocytosis (variation of RBC size) |
|
|
Term
| RDW is increased when...? |
|
Definition
When there is some type of anemia
Liver disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An acute infection, inflammatory disorders, acute and chronic leukemias, corticosteroids, stress, and smoking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infections, myelosuppression, autoimmune neutropenia, and alcoholism |
|
|
Term
| The neutrophil count will be increased when..? |
|
Definition
Infection
Acute stress
Acute and chronic inflammation |
|
|
Term
| The lymphocyte count will be increased when..? |
|
Definition
Viral infection
ALL and CLL |
|
|
Term
| THe lymphocyte count will be decreased if you have what? |
|
Definition
| Immune deficiency syndromes (HIV) |
|
|
Term
| The monocyte count will be decreased when..? |
|
Definition
| They will be depleted in an overwhelming bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| The eosinphils will be increased when..? |
|
Definition
Allergic states
Drug sensitivity reactions
Tissue invasion by parasites |
|
|
Term
| The basophil count will be increased when..? |
|
Definition
| Hypersensitivity reactions |
|
|
Term
| Why are platelets important? |
|
Definition
| They are important for normal hemostasis |
|
|
Term
| There will be an increase in platelet count when..? |
|
Definition
Acute blood loss
Post-splenectomy |
|
|
Term
| There will be an increase in platelet count when..? |
|
Definition
Acute blood loss
Post-splenectomy |
|
|
Term
| There is little tendency to bleed until the platelet count falls below what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bleeding due to low platelet counts typically presents as what? |
|
Definition
Epistaxis
Petechiae
Gingival bleeding |
|
|
Term
| If you are going to have a invasive procedure, what are desirable platelet counts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of a peripheral blood smear? |
|
Definition
| Peripheral blood smear provides important information about defects in red cell production. The blood smear also reveals variations in cell size (anisocytosis) and shape (poikilocytosis) |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the basic metabolic panel? |
|
Definition
NA
K
Cl
BUN
Creatinine
CO2
Glucose
Calcium |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the comprehensive metabolic panel? |
|
Definition
Albumin
Total protein
Alkaline phosphatase
ALT
AST
Bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| What are normal levels for NA? What are panic levels? |
|
Definition
Normal: 135-145 meq/L
Panic: <125 or >155 meq/L |
|
|
Term
| What can cause an increase in Na? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal range for K? What is the panic range for K? |
|
Definition
Normal: 3.5-5.0 meq/L
Panic: <3.0 or >6.0 |
|
|
Term
| Elevated or depressed K concentrations can interfere with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| K can be increased because of..? |
|
Definition
Potassium-sparing diuretics
ACE inhibitors
ACE-receptor blockers |
|
|
Term
| K can be decreased because of..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spurious hyperkalemia can occur when? |
|
Definition
Hemolysis of sample
Delayed seperation of serum from erythrocytes
Prolonged fist clenching during blood drawing
Prolonged tourniquet placement |
|
|
Term
| BUN is directly related to what? |
|
Definition
| Protein intake and nitrogen metabolism |
|
|
Term
| BUN is inversely related to what? |
|
Definition
| Rate of excretion of urea |
|
|
Term
| What are normal levels of creatinine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Creatinine clearance is an acceptable clinical measure of what? |
|
Definition
| Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) |
|
|
Term
| For each 50% reduction in GFR, serum creatinine approximately what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Creatinine levels are increased when..? |
|
Definition
Acute or chronic renal failure
Neprhotoxic drugs |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus requires what? |
|
Definition
A fasting plasma glucose of >126 mg/dL on more than one occasion.
Or a casual plasma glucose level 200 mg/dL along with symptoms of DM |
|
|
Term
| Hypoglycemia is defined as what? |
|
Definition
Men: <50 mg/dL
Women: <40 mg/dL |
|
|
Term
| Level of ionized calcium is regulated by what? |
|
Definition
| Parathyroid hormone and Vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| ALT (SGPT) is released when..? |
|
Definition
| Released with tissue damage, particularly liver injury |
|
|
Term
| AST (SGOT) is released into the blood stream when? |
|
Definition
| When tissue is damaged, especially liver injury |
|
|
Term
| What is the preferred enzyme for evaluation of liver injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is alkaline phosphatase found? |
|
Definition
| Liver, bone, intestine, and placenta |
|
|
Term
| In 90% of liver disease patients this is elevated/ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GGT is used for what purpose? |
|
Definition
| It is used to confirm hepatic origin or elevated serum alkaline phosphatase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bilirubin a product of hemoglobin metabolism, is conjugated in the liver and excreted in bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It provides color to the bile, feces, and urine and accounts for discoloration of the skin in jaundice |
|
|
Term
| Elevated serum bilirubin occurs when..? |
|
Definition
Liver disease
Biliaary obstruction
Hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| What is indirect bilirubin? |
|
Definition
| Severe jaundice but no bilirubin in the urine. Due to an increase in heme production that overwhelms the conjugation pathway, diminished or absent conjugation |
|
|
Term
| What is direct bilirubin? |
|
Definition
| Bilirubin is found in the urine. Cojugated bilirubin is being formed in the hepatocyte, but it cannot be transported adequately into bile |
|
|
Term
| What is a major binding protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amylase is primarily derived from where? You see an increase of amylase when..? |
|
Definition
| Pancreas. It is increased with inflammation or obstruction of pancreas |
|
|
Term
| What may be a more reliable test than serum amylase for initial diagnosis of acute pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
| Lipase becasue lipase remains elevated longer than amylase |
|
|
Term
| True or false. Daily measurments of amylase and lipase are of no value in assessming the patient's clinical progress |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a fecal occult blood screen do? |
|
Definition
| Measures blood in the stool |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal value for prostate normal antigen (PSA) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunoglobulin IgG is what? |
|
Definition
| It predominates late in immune response. They are the memory cells. |
|
|
Term
| What immunoglobulin can cross the placenta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgM is the immunoglobulin that predominates when? |
|
Definition
| Early in the immune response. They are the immediate attackers! |
|
|
Term
| How is Hepatitis A passed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some of the symptoms of hepatitis A? |
|
Definition
| Flu-like illness (arthralgias, N/V, anorexia, fatigue and fevers) |
|
|
Term
| How is Hepatitis B passed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the window period of Hep B? |
|
Definition
| Time when no surface antigen or antibody, but there are anticore |
|
|
Term
| If you test for Hep B and you only see the surface antigen, what does this mean? |
|
Definition
| You have caught the disease early. |
|
|
Term
| In Hep B, if you test and have Anti surface and anti core then..? |
|
Definition
| You have a chronic case of HEP B |
|
|
Term
| In HEP B, if you test and only have surface antibody then..? |
|
Definition
| You have only the surface antibody then you are more than likely vaccinated |
|
|
Term
| HEP B core antibodies will show up when? |
|
Definition
| HEP B antibody will be positive about 2 months after exposure of HEP B |
|
|
Term
| What indicated viral replication and infectivity in HEP B? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is HEP C normailly transmitted? |
|
Definition
Blood borne-especially IV drug users
Until 1990, blood transfusion. There is no vaccine for HEP C |
|
|
Term
| When you test for HEP C Antibody, what does it tell you? |
|
Definition
| Positive result says previous exposure, not necessarily acute infection |
|
|
Term
| Physiologically, what inhibits pituitary secretion of TSH |
|
Definition
| unbound T4 and T3 in plasma that are active and inhibit pituitary secretion of TSH |
|
|
Term
| What are some hypothyroid symptoms? |
|
Definition
| Weight gain, fatigue, lethargy, depression, weakness, muscle cramps, cold intolerance, constipation, dry skin, menorrhagia, thin brittle nails, thinning of the hair, peripheral edema, puffy face and eyelids, delayed relaxation of deep tendon reflexes |
|
|
Term
| What are some hyperthyroid symptoms? |
|
Definition
| Heat intolerance, sweating, weight loss, nervousness, fine resting tremor, hyperreflexia, upper eyelid retraction, moist warm skin, fine hair, palpitations, sinus tachycardia, thyroid storm |
|
|
Term
| Thyroid stimulating Hormone (TSH) Where does it come from and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| TSH is an anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones |
|
|
Term
| In hyperthryoidism you will see an increase or decrease in TSH? In hypothyroidism you will see an increase of decrease in TSH? |
|
Definition
Hyperthyroidism: Decreased TSH
Hypothyroidism: Increased TSH |
|
|
Term
| When measuring T3 and T4, you will see an increased level in hyper or hypo thyroidism? |
|
Definition
Hyperthyroidism: Increased T3/T4 levels
Hypothyroidism: Decreased T3/T4 levels |
|
|
Term
| Thyroperoxidase (TPO) Antibody will be increased when..? |
|
Definition
Hashimoto thyroiditis
Graves disease |
|
|
Term
| What does parathyroid hormone do? |
|
Definition
It mobilizes calcium from bone
Increases distal renal tubular reabsorption of calcium
Decreases proximal renal tubular reabsorption of phosphorus
Stimulates 1,25-hydroxy vitamin D synthesis from 25-hydroxy vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| Where is the prolactin secreted from? |
|
Definition
| The anterior pituitary gland |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary purpose of testing prolactin levels? |
|
Definition
| Used primarily in work-up of suspected pituitary tumor (60% of pituitary adenomas secrete PRL) |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical presentation of persons with an increase prolactin level? |
|
Definition
Is usually amenorrhea and galactorrhea in women
Impotence in men |
|
|
Term
| Free testosterone levels should be tested when? |
|
Definition
| Free testosterone should be measured in symptomatic patients with noramal total testosterone levels |
|
|
Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone levels rise when? |
|
Definition
| FSH levels rise during the preovulatory phase of the menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
| Human Chronic Gonadotropin (HCG)levels elevate when? |
|
Definition
| During the normal pregnancy, serum levels double every 2-3 days |
|
|
Term
| HCG is elevated during what coniditions? |
|
Definition
Pregnancy
Some germ cell tumors
Ectopic hcG production by other malignancies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE)
Rheumatoid arthritis
Scleroderma |
|
|
Term
| Does a negative ANA test rule out SLE? |
|
Definition
| No, but alternate diagnosis should be considered |
|
|
Term
| Rheumotoid factor will be positive during what? |
|
Definition
| Rheumotoid arthritis, however a positive RF test is only one of several criteria needed to make the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis |
|
|
Term
| An increase titer of a Double-Stranded DNA Antibody test is a sign of what? |
|
Definition
| SLE - Systemic Lupis Erythematosus |
|
|
Term
| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) is increased in..? |
|
Definition
Infections
Inflammatory disease
Malignant neoplasms |
|
|
Term
| C-Reactive Protein can tell you what? |
|
Definition
| CRP is very sensitive of imflammation, but it does not tell you where the inflamamation is at in the body |
|
|
Term
| Rapid marked increases of CRP occur with what? |
|
Definition
Inflammation
Infection
Trauma
Tissue Necrosis
Malignancies
Autoimmune disorders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It detects the presence of antibody to the antigen streptolysin O produced by group A streptococci |
|
|
Term
| You may see an increase of ASO levels in? |
|
Definition
Recent infection with group A hemolytic streptococci
Scarlet Fever
Erysipelas
Tonsillitis
Rheumatic fever
Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
| Infectious mononucleosis is what? It is caused by what? |
|
Definition
| An acute saliva-transmitted infectious disease due to the Epstein-Barr virus |
|
|
Term
| Heterophile antibodies appear when? |
|
Definition
| Appear 60% of mononucleosis patients within 1-2 weeks and in 80-90% within the first month |
|
|
Term
| What is helicobacter pylori and what are the symptoms? |
|
Definition
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative spiral bacterium that is found on gastic mucosa
It induces acute and chronic inflammation in the gastic mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What is Lyme's disease? What transmit Lyme's disease? |
|
Definition
| Lyme disease is an inflammatory disorder transmitted by ticks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| RPR is used as a screening test and in suspected primary and secondary syphilis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| VDRL is used as a syphilis screening test and in suspected cases of primary and secondary syphilis |
|
|
Term
| What test would you order if you suspect syphilis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Iron-binding capacity, total (TIBC) levels are increased during..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ferritin levels are decreased in the body when..? |
|
Definition
| When there is an iron deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What can cause ferritin levels to increase? |
|
Definition
| Liver disease increases serum ferritin levels and may mask the diagnosis of iron deficiency |
|
|
Term
| What is the most commonly used test to monitor warfarin therapy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prothrombin time (PT) is most sensitive to what? |
|
Definition
| It is most sensitive to deficiencies in the K-dependent clotting factors |
|
|
Term
| Prothrombin is less sensitive to what? |
|
Definition
| It is less sensitive to fibrinogen deficiency and heparin |
|
|
Term
| What is the Warfarin therapeutic range? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) is commonly used to monitor what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do you screen for lead in a child? |
|
Definition
| Child screening occurs at 12 months and 4-6 years of age |
|
|
Term
| What is carboxyhemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| When carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin with a much greater affinity (240X) than oxygen, forming carboxyhemoglobin (COhb) |
|
|
Term
| What is the result of carboxyhemoglobin? |
|
Definition
| Results in impaired oxygen transport/delivery and utilization |
|
|
Term
| High uric acid levels can be associated with what? |
|
Definition
| Gout or uric acid kidney stones |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 levels is decreased in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intermediate levels of vitamin B12 should be followed up with what test? |
|
Definition
| By a serum methylmalonic acid test |
|
|
Term
| 90% of patients with pernicious anemia will also have what? |
|
Definition
| Antibodies to parietal cells have been detected in >90% of patients with pernicious anemia |
|
|
Term
| Serum Methylmelanic acid is used to what? |
|
Definition
| Serum MMA is used to indirectly evaluate vitamin B12 status, mainly for confirming B12 deficiency |
|
|
Term
| Skeletal muscle, myocardium, and brain are rich in what enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Creatine Kinase is released by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CK-MB is a test relatively specific for what? What is the time period for this? |
|
Definition
| Myocardial Infarction, about 4 hours after, peaks at 12-24 hours, and declines over 48-72 hours |
|
|
Term
| When may you find Troponin-I in serum when? |
|
Definition
| Troponin-I appears in serum approximately 4 hours after onset of chest pain, peaks 8-12 hours, and persist 5-7 days |
|
|
Term
| A negative D-dimer test essentially rules out what? |
|
Definition
| A negative D-dimer test essentially rules out thrombosis, but a positive test does not confirm the diagnosis |
|
|
Term
| D-dimer assay is a very sensitive test for what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)is useful for what? |
|
Definition
| BNP is useful for guiding and monitoring heart failure treatment and for prognosis prediction |
|
|
Term
| The level of glycated hemoglobin is related to what? |
|
Definition
| The level of glycated hemoglobin is related to the mean plasma glucose level during the prior 3 months |
|
|
Term
| Is glycohemoglobin recommended for initial diagnosis of diabetes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test is not generally required for diagnosis of DM? |
|
Definition
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Term
| When you do a urinalysis, what are you looking for? |
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Definition
| Specific gravity, pH, Protein, Bilirubin, Glucose, Ketones, Nitrites, Leukocyte esterase, blood |
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Term
| What type of urine will have high specific gravity? |
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Definition
High - Volume depletion, concentrated
Low - Diluted |
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Term
| If you have a positive finding for glucose in the urine, what should you evaulate for? |
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Definition
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Term
| If a person tests positive for nitrites in the urine, that suggests..what? |
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Definition
| Many gram-negative bacteria can reduce nitrate to nitrate, thus an indicator of bacteriuria |
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Term
| If there are elevated leukocyte esterase in the urine, that can suggest? |
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Definition
| The dipstick detects leukocytes in the urine, which is thus suggestive but not diagnostic for bacteria |
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Term
| What is it suggestive of epithelial cells in the urinary sediment? |
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Definition
| The presence of squamous epithelial cells in the urinary sediment is indicative of contamination and thus requires a repeat collection |
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