Term
| The Democrats and Republicans must not only gain adherents but also bring them to the polls on Election Day and, if possible, |
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Definition
| discourage those who oppose the party’s candidates from turnout out to vote. |
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Term
| Historically, each party has had to make sure that its likely supporters gained the _______ to vote |
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Definition
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Term
| Once its supporters have the right to vote, the party can promote policies that make voting __________________________ to them |
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Definition
| easier and more accessible |
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Term
| Party organizations and their candidates can work actively to bring more of their supporters to the polls in a particular election. This _______ ____________ has become a key focus in competitive elections. |
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Definition
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Term
| Each rule of the electoral process -such as who is eligible to vote or when elections must be held- |
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Definition
| affects different parties and candidates differently. |
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Term
| The Constitution allows the _______ to decide who is eligible to vote. |
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Definition
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Term
| White male citizenry were given the right to vote earlier in the US than in.. |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| was ratified in 1920. It forbid states to deny the vote on grounds of gender. |
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Term
| Lowering the voting age to 18 for all elections, |
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Definition
| was ratified by the states in 1971. |
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Term
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Definition
| adopted after the Civil War with support from the Republican administration, declared that no state could abridge the right to vote on account of race. |
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Term
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Definition
| changed its stance on civil rights, and federal authorities began to enforce the 15th Amendment and new voting rights laws on the reluctant states. |
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Term
| To discourage vote buying and to weaken the party machines, |
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Definition
| Progressives pushed for a new ballot system, which came into widespread use in the 1890s |
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Term
| Australian or Secret ballot |
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Definition
| was printed by the government and marked by the voter in secret. This reform involved the government in running elections, which opened the door to government regulation of the parties. Also enabled voters to split their tickets |
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Term
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Definition
| in which each state’s voters are asked to elect large numbers of state and local officials who would be appointed in other democracies. |
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Term
| partial voting called roll-off |
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Definition
| people who do vote cast ballots for some offices, but not others |
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Term
| Since the 1920s, all states have required that voters be _____________ |
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Definition
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Term
| For most of American history, states could require citizens to live in a state and locality for a certain period of time before being allowed to vote there... |
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Definition
| In 1970, Congress limited states’ residence requirements to a maximum of 30 days for voting in Presidential elections. |
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Term
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Definition
| the rule in most states that citizens must register in advance in order to vote in an election. |
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Term
| Progressive reformers in the late 1800s urged states to require... |
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Definition
| advance registration in order to limit voter fraud by party bosses. |
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Term
| Legal barriers to voting were especially effective in denying the vote to... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Although blacks had been granted the right to vote in the 1860s, |
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Definition
| they were denied access to the polls in the former Confederacy and some neighboring states for almost a century afterwards. |
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Term
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Definition
| faced with the threat of blacks voting in the Democratic primary, some states declared the party to be a private club open only to whites, therefore, blacks could not vote in the PRIMARY |
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Term
| Most southern states required payment of a ________ ______ and you had to pass a _________ _______. These laws were intentionally directed at the poor and uneducated black population. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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Definition
| authorized the US Justice Department to seek injunctions against anyone who prevented blacks from voting. |
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Term
| Every 10 years after the US Census, |
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Definition
| state legislatures must redraw the congressional and state legislative districts so that these districts remain equal in population size. |
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Term
| Legislative redistricting |
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Definition
| has often been used for political gain by resourceful politicians. |
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Term
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Definition
| drawing district lines to maximize one’s own party’s strength and disadvantage the other party. |
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Term
| “Majority-minority” districts |
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Definition
| After the 1990 census, the first Bush administration pressed southern states to redraw congressional district lines so as to create some districts with a majority of black or Latino voters |
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Term
| Effect of the majority-minority districts |
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Definition
| was to elect more Republican to Congress from the South. Because the districts are fashioned by packing as many black voters into a district as possible, the neighboring districts are left with a higher proportion of whites and Republicans. |
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Term
| Election Day Registration (EDR) |
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Definition
| laws that allow citizens to register to vote on the same day as the election. |
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Term
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Definition
| passed in 1993, required the states to let citizens register to vote at driver’s license bureaus, by mail, and through agencies that give out federal benefits. |
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Term
| no-excuse absentee voting |
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Definition
| which an individual can request an absentee ballot without having to explain why. 2/3s of the States did this in 2008. |
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Term
| In 2008, about 30 percent of American voters... |
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Definition
| cast their ballots prior to Election Day |
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Term
| To take advantage of early and no-excuse absentee voting, party organizations must be prepared to... |
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Definition
| explain these new options to their likely supporters and to mobilize early voters. |
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Term
| Many states have passed or are considering laws requiring voters to... |
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Definition
| show a state or federal government-issued photo ID card at the polls. |
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Term
| Supporters of Proof of Citizenship laws say they are needed to... |
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Definition
| curb voting by noncitizens. |
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Term
| It is often assumed, though necessarily not proved, that less-educated and lower-income people, who tend to identify as Democrats, |
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Definition
| would be more likely to cast a ballot if voting were made less costly in time and effort. |
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Term
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Definition
| analysts charged that confusing ballot layout, such as the so-called “butterfly ballot” used in Palm Beach County, Florida, in 2000, led many voters to cast their ballot for a different candidate than they had intended. |
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Term
| Because elections are decentralized, |
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Definition
| voters in one state, even in one county, may be treated differently from voters in another. |
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Term
| In particular, counties differ in their ability to.. |
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Definition
| pay for the most reliable (and costly) voting systems. |
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Term
| Error-prone voting systems are more likely to be found in... |
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Definition
| poorer and minority-dominated counties, which tend to be Democratic. |
|
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Term
| 2002 Help America Vote Act (HAVA) |
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Definition
| Congress passed this and devoted more than $3 billion to help states upgrade their voting systems, set minimum federal standards, and create computerized statewide voter registration rolls. |
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Term
| According to one study, 3 million registered voters were prevented from voting in the 2008 election due to a variety of administrative failures: |
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Definition
| their names were accidentally purged from or not recorded on the registration rolls or recorded improperly, or they didn’t bring the proper identification to the polls |
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Term
| Only between 51 and 51% of voting-age Americans made it to the polls in the presidential elections between... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in 2004, about 64 percent of eligible voters went to the polls- |
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Definition
| the highest voting rate in the US since 1968. |
|
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Term
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Definition
| turnout was up by almost 5 percentage points among blacks and about 3 percentage points among Latinos and Asians. Among first-time voters, who made up 11 percent of the electorate, 69 percent voted for Obama. |
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Term
| Costs for the privilege of voting |
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Definition
| time, energy, and attention |
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Term
| Less educated Americans, who tend to identify as Democrats, |
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Definition
| are much less likely to vote. Because of the close relationship between education, income, and job status, poorer people also vote in lower proportions. |
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Term
| Younger Americans, disproportionately Democratic in their party ID, |
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Definition
| have long been less likely to go to the polls than are older people. |
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Term
| Current young adults, on average, are more likely to... |
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Definition
| favor privatizing public services than older people are, and also more tolerant of interracial dating and same-sex marriage. |
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Term
| Social Security, Medicare, and prescription drugs rank high on the campaign agenda because older people, |
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Definition
| for whom these issues are important, have higher turnout rates than younger adults do. |
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Term
| Hispanics and Asian Americans have... |
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Definition
| the lowest voter turnout rates. |
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Term
| People who have a lot of social ties- |
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Definition
| those who belong to several organizations and are closely connected with friends and family- are much more likely to vote than others are. |
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Term
| Voting is also more common among those who are well integrated into the community through... |
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Definition
| home ownership, long-time residence, church attendance, or a job outside the home. |
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Term
| external political efficacy |
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Definition
| feelings that government is responsive to citizens. |
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Term
|
Definition
| feeling that the government can be trusted to do what is right. |
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Term
|
Definition
| a sense of responsibility to take part in elections. |
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Term
| Voter participation is usually highest in __________ _________ and lowest in __________ ___________ |
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Definition
| presidential elections, local races |
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Term
| Conditions that reduce the costs of voting and increase its appeal |
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Definition
| Publicity and excitement of the race |
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Term
| Hotly contested races bring voters to the polls; in addition to their excitement, |
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Definition
| competitive elections give voters more assurance that their vote will matter. |
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Term
| One of the most important determinant of voter turnout levels is the... |
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Definition
| degree to which the party organizations, as well as campaigns and organized interests, mobilize to get out the vote on Election Day |
|
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Term
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Definition
| among the plausible explanations for increasing voter participation levels over the past 3 presidential elections. |
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Term
| Voter mobilization drives should help Democratic candidates.. |
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Definition
| That is why proposals to make registering and voting easier are often assumed to benefit the Democrats. |
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Term
| _______________ Presidential candidates have won most of the large-turnout elections in the past 5 decades. |
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Definition
| Republican (I bet you thought it would be the Democrats, eh?) |
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Term
| Wealthier and older people are more likely to... |
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Definition
| have stable addresses and phone numbers than are, for instance, highly mobile college students. |
|
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Term
| most voter mobilization drives do relatively little to increase the turnout of... |
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Definition
| groups that have had low voting rates over time. |
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Term
| Groups that have more resources- education, higher incomes, majority status- |
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Definition
| are those already in the habit of voting. |
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Term
| Politicians pay more attention to the needs of those who vote than to those.. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Party organizations are among the main sponsors of |
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Definition
| voter mobilization drives. |
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Term
| Parties are self-interested, |
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Definition
| they want to simulate turnout only among their likely supporters and to limit turnout by those unlikely to vote for their candidates. |
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Term
| Studies show that members of Congress direct more federal spending to counties... |
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Definition
| in their district with higher voter turnout than to those with lower turnout |
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