Term
| Party identification, or party ID |
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Definition
| The sense of psychological attachment that most Americans develop towards a political party. This happens by around age 10. |
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| About one-third of Americans call themselves |
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| Some look at a party attachment as a form of social identity |
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| similar to a religious or ethnic identity. It often grows out of other deeply rooted loyalties (such as parents party identification) |
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| a lasting picture of the political world that can filter out any conflicting information the individual may receive. Many researchers see party ID as this. |
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| people who feel a sense of psychological attachment to a particular party. |
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| If you respond that you usually think of yourself as a Democrat or Republican, you are categorized as belonging to the party in the electorate |
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| Partisans (party identifiers) |
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Definition
| make up the core of the party’s support: the people who normally vote for a party’s candidates and who are inclined to see politics through a partisan’s eyes. |
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| Some see party identification as more changeable |
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| It is like a running tally of an individual’s positive or negative experiences with the party’s stands or its performance in office. This assessment can be a decision-making shortcut. |
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| Americans cope with more elections and longer ballots than |
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| do citizens of any other democracy |
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| ______________ are the most common source of our first party ID |
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| Parents are the main teachers |
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| of political orientations in the American culture |
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| It is not until the middle and high school years that students begin to associate the parties with... |
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| general economic interests and thus have some reasoning to support the party ID they have already developed. |
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| Once developed, people’s party loyalties are often sustained because... |
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| they tend to gravitate toward people like themselves |
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| The influences on children’s and teenagers’ political learning are more likely to be challenged in ______________ |
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| The longer an individual holds a particular party ID, |
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| the more stable it normally becomes |
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| During periods of major party change, |
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| some voters switch party loyalties |
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| People who change their party ID often change only its __________ rather than _________ to the other party |
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| Although Democrats have been in the majority throughout these years (1950s -->), |
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| the proportion of Republicans steadily increased from the 1950s until about 2005. |
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| changes in overall partisanship usually happen _____________ |
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| supporting candidates of more than one party |
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| The main changes between the 1950s and today have been a decrease in.... |
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| the proportion of weak partisans and a big increase in the numbers of independent “leaners" |
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| those who call themselves independents but then acknowledge that they lean toward one party |
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| A poll in 2009 reported the widest gap between the 2 parties’ |
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| favorability ratings recorded in 20 years: 62 percent favorable toward the Democrats, 40 percent toward the GOP |
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| Party loyalty can affect people’s attitudes even when it has to compete... |
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| with other valued loyalties, such as religion |
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| The most important effect of party attachments is their influence on |
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| Recent studies show that the overall impact of party ID on voting behavior has been... |
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| on the upswing since the mid-1970s and continued to increase in the 2000s |
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Definition
| voting for one party’s candidates only. This declined among all partisan groups during the 1960s and 70s. |
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| the stronger an individual’s party identification, |
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Definition
| the more likely he or she was to vote a straight ticket |
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| Individual’s voting decisions are affected by the give-and-take of two sets of forces: |
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Definition
| the strength of their enduring party loyalty and the power of the short-term forces operating in a given election. |
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Definition
| something such as the attractiveness of the candidates and issues in that campaign |
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| There are times when an especially attractive candidate or a particularly compelling issue - economic disaster or the threat or terrorism- |
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Definition
| may lead a voter to desert one or more of his or her party’s candidates |
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| It is more common for voters to defect from their party ID because.. |
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Definition
| they are attracted to a very visible candidate running a well-funded campaign, most often an incumbent of the other party |
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| Early studies of party ID in the 1950s assumed that party “came first” in the causal ordering, |
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| that it affected people’s feelings about candidates and issues but was not in turn influences by them |
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| retrospective evaluations |
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| Voters refer to past actions rather than hopes for the future |
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| In the way of retrospective evaluations, |
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| partisanship can be seen as a kind of RUNNING TALLY of party-related evaluations |
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| issues and the candidates in a particular election can have a major impact on the outcome. |
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| Individuals who consider themselves Democrats or Republicans |
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Definition
| are more involved in political life than are those who call themselves independents |
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| Strongest partisans are most likely to... |
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| vote, to pay attention to politics, and to become politically active. |
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| Factors such as ___________________________ can promote political activity |
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Definition
| high socioeconomic status |
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| The relatively greater involvement of partisans comes in part from their generally... |
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Definition
| higher socioeconomic status as well as from their more ideological commitment to politics |
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| someone who tells a poll taker that he or she does not identify with a political party |
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| to split their tickets more often than other voters do and wait longer in the campaign to decide how to vote. |
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| Independent voters are less... |
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Definition
| well informed than party identifiers are, less concerned about specific elections, and less likely to vote. |
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| VO Key focused on “party switchers" |
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Definition
| those who supported different parties in two consecutive presidential elections |
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| stand-patters (type of independent) |
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| those who voted for the same party in both elections |
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| those who call themselves independents, rather than those who switch parties |
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| have the weakest ties to the two major parties. They could be more open to the charms of the third-party and independent candidates than other citizens are. |
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| in the close party competition that has characterized recent elections, even a small percentage of voters has the power to determine the winner. Think Nader in 2000 helping Bush defeat Gore |
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| psychological commitment that is often strong enough to guide other political beliefs and behavior. |
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| Partisanship functions in a very different context now than it did ________________ |
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| Early in the 1900s, states began adopting the direct primary, |
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| in which voters had to choose candidates without the useful guidance of a party label. Led to candidate centered politics |
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| Candidates with enough money could use television, direct mail, and other media to reach voters directly, |
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| over the parties’ head. Thus candidate-centered politics |
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| Elections have become less ____________ centered and more ___________ centered |
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