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Particles KO
University of Southampton Physics and Chemistry SKE
86
Physics
10th Grade
06/06/2019

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Cards

Term
Describe the speed of diffusion into a vacuum
Definition
Extremely fast
Term
Describe the speed of diffusion into a liquid
Definition
Quite slow
Term
Describe the speed of diffusion into a gas
Definition
Quite slow
Term
What is Brownian motion?
Definition
The random motion of small, visible particles
Term
What is diffusion?
Definition
Particles spreading out
Term
Particles tend to spread out from... to...
Definition
...areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Term
Describe the bulk properties of a solid
Definition
Incompressible
Fixed shape
Term
Describe the bulk properties of a liquid
Definition
Incompressible
Take the shape of their container
Term
Describe the bulk properties of a liquid
Definition
Compressible
Fill their container
Term
Compare the densities of solids and liquids
Definition
Solids and liquids have similar densities
Term
Compare the densities of liquids and gases
Definition
Liquids are much denser than gases
Term
Compare the densities of solids and gases
Definition
Solids are much denser than gases
Term
Describe the microscopic properties of solids
Definition
The particles in solids are close together and vibrate in fixed positions in a giant structure
Term
Describe the microscopic properties of liquids
Definition
The particles in liquids are close together but can move past each other
Term
Describe the microscopic properties of gases
Definition
The particles in gases are very far apart and move randomly and very fast
Term
How strong are the bonds between particles in a solid
Definition
Very strong
Term
How strong are the bonds between particles in a liquid
Definition
Quite strong
Term
How strong are the bonds between particles in a gas
Definition
Very weak
Term
What is a phase of matter
Definition
A state of matter
Term
What are the three main states of matter
Definition
Solid, liquid, gas
Term
A change of state from solid to liquid
Definition
Melting
Term
A change of state from liquid to solid
Definition
Freezing
Solidification
Fusion
Term
A change of state from liquid to gas
Definition
Evaporation
Boiling
Vapourisation
Term
A change of state from solid to gas without a liquid phase
Definition
Sublimation
Term
A change of state from gas to liquid
Definition
Condensation
Liquifaction
Term
What particles are found in liquids and gases at everyday temperatures?
Definition
Molecules
Term
Density =
Definition
ma[image]ss / volume
Term
Volume of a sphere =
Definition
4/3[image] pi r^3
Term
What does a submerged object displace?
Definition
It's own volume of liquid
Term
What does a floating object displace?
Definition
It's own weight of liquid
Term
Density of water =
Definition
1 g/cm^3 = 1000 kg / m^3
Term
For most substances how does the density of the solid state compare to the density of the liquid state?
Definition
Solid state is slightly denser
Term
For water how does the density of the solid state compare to the density of the liquid state?
Definition
Solid state is slightly less dense
Term
What is temperature related to?
Definition
Average speed of particles
Term
What happens to (a) energy in thermal store, (b) temperature when changing state?
Definition
(A) changes
(b) doesn't change
Term
What happens to the speed of particles during a change of state?
Definition
Nothing.
Term
What happens to bonds during a change?
Definition
Bonds are broken or formed.
Term
Specific latent heat =
Definition
[image]
Term
What is specific latent heat of fusion?
Definition
Energy transferred when 1 kg of a substance melts or solidifies
Term
What is specific latent heat of vaporisation?
Definition
Energy transferred when 1 kg of a substance boils or condenses
Term
How do specific latent heat of fusion and vaporisation compare?
Definition
Specific latent heat of vaporisation is much larger
Term
Heating by radiation:
Light, shiny surfaces are...
Definition
Poor absorbers -
Poor emitters -
Reflect a lot - of infra-red radiation
Term
Heating by radiation:
Dark, matt surfaces are...
Definition
Good absorbers -
Good emitters -
Do not reflect a lot - of infra-red radiation
Term
Fission is when...
Definition
a very large nucleus splits into smaller nuclei
Term
Fission often produces which small particles?
Definition
Neutrons
Term
A fission chain reaction is caused by...
Definition
Neutrons causing new fission events
Term
Do nuclear power stations use fission or fusion reactions?
Definition
Fission
Term
Does fission or fusion release energy from the nuclear store in stars?
Definition
Fusion
Term
Complete this sentence:
Radioactive decay is ______.
The behaviour of a large number of nuclei of a radio-isotope is _________.
Definition
Radioactive decay is random.
The behaviour of a large number of nuclei of a radio-isotope is predictable.
Term
Half-life is...
Definition
the time it takes for the number of nuclei of an isotope in a sample to fall to half its initial value
Term
What is the difference between radioactive contamination and irradiation?
Definition
Contamination is when radioactive material ends up in the wrong place.
Irradiation is when something is exposed to ionising radiation.
Term
In Rutherford (alpha) scattering, most of the alpha particles pass straight through the thin gold film. What does this show?
Definition
Most of an atom is empty space
Term
In Rutherford (alpha) scattering, a few of the alpha particles are deflected through large angles. What does this show?
Definition
Atoms have a very dense, positively-charged nucleus
Term
How far do neutrons travel through air?
Definition
A long way
Term
How far do alpha particles travel through air?
Definition
A few centimetres
Term
How far do beta particles travel through air?
Definition
A few metres
Term
How far do gamma rays travel through air?
Definition
An almost infinite distance
Term
What is an alpha particle?
Definition
2 protons + 2 neutrons
Same as a helium nucleus
Term
What is a beta particle
Definition
a high speed electron from the nucleus
Term
What is a gamma ray?
Definition
part of the electro-magnetic spectrum
Term
What charge is does an alpha particle have?
Definition
Positive
Term
What charge is does an beta particle have?
Definition
Negative
Term
What charge is does a gamma ray have?
Definition
None
Term
What charge is does a neutron have?
Definition
None
Term
Put these in order of ionising power (strongly ionising to weakly ionising):
alpha particles
beta particles
gamma rays
neutrons
Definition
Alpha particles
Neutrons
Beta particles
Gamm rays
Term
What would absorb (stop) alpha particles?
Definition
A sheet of paper
Term
What would absorb (stop) beta particles?
Definition
A few mm of metal
Term
What would absorb (stop) gamma rays?
Definition
A few cm of lead
A few metres of concrete
Term
Which ionising radiation is used in smoke detectors?
Definition
Alpha particles (from an Americium-241 source)
Term
Which ionising radiation is mainly used in thickness measurements of continuous rolled materials?
Definition
Beta
Term
Which ionising radiation is used in most radioactive tracers?
Definition
Gamma
Term
Which types of ionising radiation are deflected by magnetic fields?
Definition
Alpha and beta
Term
Which type of ionising radiation is most dangerous inside the body?
Definition
Alpha
Term
What are the capacities of the first 4 electron energy levels in atoms?
Definition
2, 8, 8, 18
Term
What are isotopes?
Definition
Nuclei of the same element but with different numbers of neutrons
Term
Do isotopes of the same element have different chemical properties
Definition
No
Term
What is the mass number of an atom?
Definition
The number of protons + neutrons
Term
What is the nucleon number of an atom?
Definition
The number of protons + neutrons
Term
What is the atomic number of an atom?
Definition
The number of protons
Term
What is the general name for protons and neutrons?
Definition
Nucleon
Term
What is the approximate radius of an atom?
Definition
10^-10 m
Term
What is the approximate radius of a nucleus?
Definition
10^-15 m
Term
How does the mass of an electron compare to the mass of a proton?
Definition
2000 times smaller
Term
How does the mass of a neutron compare to a proton?
Definition
Almost the same
Term
What charge does a proton have?
Definition
Positive (+1)
Term
What charge does an electron have?
Definition
Negative (-1)
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