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| the most frequently occuring score(s) in a distribution |
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| pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |
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| statistical index of the relationship between two things |
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| branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders practiced by physicians |
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| experimental procedure in which both research participants and research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received treatment or placebo |
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| First female president of APA |
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| knowledge originates in experience and science should therefore rely on observation and experimentation |
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| measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other |
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| anything an organism does. Any action we can observe and record |
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| Humans perceive order in random patterns. |
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| Knowledge is learned; not innate. |
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| enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted amongst generations |
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| arithmetic average of a distribution |
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| symmetrical curve where most scores are located near the mean |
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| research method in which investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variable) to observe effect on some behaviior or mental processs |
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| the group that is not exposed to the treatment |
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| branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders |
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| used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind |
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| Humans remember the past inaccurately. |
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| statistical statement of likelihood of result occuring by chance |
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| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |
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| Wrote “Principles of Psychology “ |
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| internal subjective processes we infer from behavior—perceptions, dreams, thoughts, beliefs |
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| all the cases in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn |
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| self-correcting process for asking quesitons and observing nature's answers |
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| championed psychology as the science of behavior. Demonstrated conditioned responses on “Little Albert” |
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| repeating essence of a research study |
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| tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it |
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| scientific study that aims to solve practical problems |
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| sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| focuses on how mental and behavioral processes function—how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, flourish. |
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| examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions |
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| Derive principles by logic |
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| experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied |
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| branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well being |
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| middle score in a distribution (50th percentile) |
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| graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables |
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| thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions |
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| the perception of a relationship where none exists |
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| Leading behaviorist who rejected introspection & studied how consequences shape behavior. |
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| difference between highest and lowest scores in a distribution |
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| testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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| explanation using integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
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| Nerves are hollow and conduct animal spirits. |
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| Mind not separable from body. |
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| the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable |
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| “Essay on Human Understanding”. |
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| experimental results caused by expectations alone |
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| observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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| Second female president of APA |
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| assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |
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| science of behavior and mental processes |
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| Student of Wundt. Used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements. |
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| Father of experimental psychology |
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| measure of how much scores vary around the mean |
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| statement of procedures (operations) used to define research variables |
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| Second female president of APA |
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| technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group |
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| the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information |
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| the processing of information into the memory system |
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| the retention of encoded information over time |
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| the process of getting information out of memory storage |
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| the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system |
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| activated memory that holds a few items briefly |
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| the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills, and experience |
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| newer understanding of short term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing and retrieval |
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| unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, frequency and well learned information such as word meanings |
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| encoding that requires attention and conscious effort |
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| conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage |
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| the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long term retention than is achieved through mass study or practice |
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| tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list |
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| encoding of picture images |
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| encoding of sound, especially the sound of words |
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| the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words |
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| mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing |
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| organizing terms into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically |
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| momentary sensory memory or visual stimuli lasting no more than a few tenths of a second |
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| momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli |
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| an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation |
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| a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event |
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| retention independent of conscious recollection |
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| memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare |
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| explicit memories are processed in this area of the brain |
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| implicit memories are formed and stored here |
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| a measure of memory in which a person must retrieve information learned earlier (fill in blank test) |
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| a measure of memory in which a person need only identify items previously learned (multiple choice test) |
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| a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time |
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| the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory |
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| the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood |
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| the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information |
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| the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information |
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| the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, memories |
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| incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event |
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| attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined |
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| focused on the scientific study of overt behavior that could be objectively measured and verified and rejected emphasis on consciousness of structuralism, functionalism and Freudian notion of unconscious influences |
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| emphasizes each person's unique potential for psychological growth and self direction |
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| Descarte's view that mind and body are seperate entities that interact to produce sensations, emotions, and other conscious experiences |
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| looking inward in an attempt to reconstruct feelings and sensations experienced immediately after viewing a stimulus object |
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| founded structuralism, the first school of psychology |
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| psychologist largely responsible for founding the school of humanistic psychology |
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| early school of psychology that emphasized studying the purpose, or function of behavioral and mental experiences |
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| Margaret Floy Washburn was the American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams and was the first woman president of the APA |
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| Structuralism was an early school of psychology that emphasized studying the most basic components or structures of conscious experience |
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| The issue of heredity versus environment is the same as the nature-nurture issue and refers to the debate over which is more important, the inborn characteristics of the individual or the impact of the environment |
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| Mary Whiton Calkins was an American psychologist who published research on mental processes in animals and was the first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology. |
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| Ivan Pavlov was an Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation and who founded psychoanalysis |
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| B.F. Skinner was the American behavioral psychologist who systematically used reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior, and emphasized studying the relationship between environmental factors and observable behavior |
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| Abraham Maslow was a humanistic psychologist who developed a theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth |
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| Psychoanalysis is a personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavior. |
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| Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist whose pioneering research on learning contributed to the development of behaviorism and who discovered the basic learning process by which we learn to associate stimuli |
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| Perspective interested in how different parenting styles and techniques influence each child's individual potential for growth and self determination. |
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| Specialty interested in how different parenting styles and techniques influence each child's individual potential for growth and self determination. |
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| How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts |
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| How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information |
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| How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures |
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| How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences |
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| How we learn observable responses |
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| How much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences |
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| How the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes |
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| (Perspective). Research in lab and focus on the principles and condition of learning and motivation. Investigating how quickly rats learn the layout of a maze as a function of either large or small amounts of reinforcement |
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| (Specialty). Research in lab and focus on the principles and condition of learning and motivation. Investigating how quickly rats learn the layout of a maze as a function of either large or small amounts of reinforcement |
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| biological psychology focuses on the physical basis of behavior, including the brain and the rest of the nervous system, the endocrine system, the immune system, and genetics |
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| Counseling psychology is concerned with the relationship between people and work, and it includes the study of job satisfaction, worker productivity, personnel selection, and the interaction between people and equipment |
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| psychologists who take the humanistic perspective emphasize the importance of unconscious influences, early life experiences, and interpersonal relationships in explaining the underlying dynamics of behavior or treating people with psychological problems |
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| empirical evidence is evidence that is the result of observation, measurement, and experimentation |
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| highly specialized cell that communicates information in electrical and chemical form |
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| neurotransmitter that usually communicates an inhibitory message |
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| neurotransmitters that regulate pain perception |
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| small gaps that seperate segments of the myelin sheath that surrounds the axons of many neurons |
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| neurotransmitter that is involved in sleep, moods, and emotional states, including depression |
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| chemical messenger manufactured in the synaptic vesicles of a neuron |
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| the point of communication between two neurons |
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| neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of bodily movements and pleasurable or rewarding sensations |
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| involved in activation of neurons throughout the brain, is critical in the body's response to danger, and is implicated in learning and memory retrieval |
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