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| Function of muscle tissue |
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Definition
Body movements
Stabilize body position
Regulate organ volume
Move substances within
Generate heat |
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| ability ot be extended or stretched without damage |
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microscopic anatomy
location
How they are controlled by nervous and endocrine |
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plasma membrane of muscle cell
contain transverse t-tubules |
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Definition
| Small, cylindrical invaginations of teh sarcolemma of striated muscle fibers that conduct muscle action potentials toward teh center of the muscle fiber. |
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| Muscle cell contracts, thin filaments slide past the thick filaments and sarcomere shortens |
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| Steps of cross bridge cycling |
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Definition
Exposure of binding sites on actin
Binding of myosin to actin
Power stroke of the cross bridge
Disconnecting the cross bridge
Re-energizing the cross bridge
Removal of calcium ions |
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Definition
ADP and Pi are released from actin
Myosin head tilts backward
Power stroke occurs as thin filament is pulled inward toward center of sarcomere |
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Definition
Sarcolemma to sarcoplasmic reticulum
active transport pump |
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Term
| Role of ATP in muscle contraction |
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Definition
Transfers energy to myosin cross bridge, which energizes power stroke
Disconnects myosin cross bridge from binding site on actin
Fuels pump that actively transports calcium ions back to SR |
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Definition
Creatine phosphate: 1st store,
Glycolysis/anaerobic pathway: 2 ATP, and 2 pyruvic acid into 2 lactic acid into blood bc not enough oxygen
Aerobic pathway: pyruvic acid enters mitochondria, generates ATP, 1 glucose=36 ATP |
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Refers to the added oxygen, over and above the resting oxygen consumption, that is taken into the body after exerces. Used to restore metabolic conditions of resting level by
1. converting lactic acid into glycogen
2. Resynthesize creatine phosphate and ATP
3. Replace oxygen removed from myoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
Synapse between a somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber.
Synaptic end bulbs on one side and motor end plate on other
Axon and Sarcolemma |
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Definition
The end of the motor neuron divides into a cluster
Contain synaptic vesicles which contain acetylcholine |
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| Breakdown of acetycholine |
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Definition
| broken down by enzyme, acetylcholinesterase which is attached to collagen fibers |
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Term
Nerve impulse elicits muscle action potential
steps |
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Definition
1. Release of acytelcholine
2. Activation of ACh receptors
3. Production of muscle action potential
4. Termination fo ACh activity |
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Definition
| Motor neuron together with the muscle fibers (cells) it stimulates |
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Definition
Increases in calcium ions starts muscle contraction
Calcium leaks out of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Myosin heads bind to actin
ATP synthesis has ceased, cross bridges cannot detach
Muscles are rigid |
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Term
| nervous system responsibilities |
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Definition
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somatic: voluntary
autonomic: involuntary
sympathetic: fight/flight
parasympathetic: rest/digest
enteric: involuntary, GI tract |
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Definition
| Nerve impulses arise here, junction of axon hillock and initial segment. |
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Term
Graded potential
Action potential |
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Definition
short distance communication
long distance |
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Term
| Resting membrane potential polarization |
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Definition
negative ions inside
positive ions outside
potassium higher inside? |
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Definition
| greater frequency of action potentials |
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Definition
| period of time after an action potential begins during which an excitable cell cannot generate another action potential in response a normal threshold stimulus. Therefore stimulus must be high |
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| Absolute refractory period |
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Definition
| even a strong stimulus canoot initiate a second action potential |
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Definition
| Na+ (sodium) moves into neuron through channels |
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| If a stimulus is strong enough to generate an action potential, the impulse generated is of a constant size. |
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