Term
| What type of species is a digenea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a definitive host? |
|
Definition
| The host animal in which a parasite passes its adult existence and/or sexual reproductive phase of its life cycle |
|
|
Term
| What is an intermediate host? |
|
Definition
| The animal in which a parasite passes its larval stage or asexual reproductive phase of its life cycle. |
|
|
Term
| How can you easily differentiate between definitive host and intermediate host? |
|
Definition
definitive - adult life form, sexual reproductive phase
intermediate - larval stage or asexual reproductive phase |
|
|
Term
| What is an accidental/incidental host? |
|
Definition
| Parasite normally live on or in a host other than human |
|
|
Term
| What is a transport host? |
|
Definition
| Host harbors parasite and transports it from one location to another. |
|
|
Term
True or False:
A parasite has the ability to reproduce within a transport host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a reservoir host? |
|
Definition
| Host that harbors a parasite that also is infective to humans |
|
|
Term
| What is the definitive host for a roundworm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What would you find at the anterior end of a nematode? |
|
Definition
| buccal capsule with hooks, plates, or teeth |
|
|
Term
| Male nematodes have the ability to have what two parts? |
|
Definition
| Copulatory spicule or copulatory bursa |
|
|
Term
| How many times do nematode larvae molt before becoming sexually mature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Nematode larvae look similar to adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the scientific name for a pinworm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the most common nematode infection in the US? |
|
Definition
| Enterobius vermicularis (pinworm) |
|
|
Term
| What is the geographical distribution of a pinworm? |
|
Definition
| cosmopolitan, temperate climates |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnostic stage or enterobius vermicularis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can one differentiate between a male and female enterobius vermicularis solely based on the posterior end? |
|
Definition
Female - pointed tail
Male - curved tail |
|
|
Term
| What does the anterior end of enterobius vermicularis look like? |
|
Definition
Cephalic alae (wings near buccal capsule)
Bulbar esophagus (circle near the top) |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathology/symptoms of an enterobius vermicularis infection? |
|
Definition
Perianal itching w/ loss of sleep
Appendicitis
Peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| What do the eggs of enterobius vermicularis look like? |
|
Definition
| Football shaped with one side being flat, dividing line may sometimes be seen in the center |
|
|
Term
| What is another name of Trichuris trichiura? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sexual organ does the male trichuris trichiura have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does the male whipworm compare in size to the female? |
|
Definition
| Male is smaller than female |
|
|
Term
| What do the anterior and posterior ends of the trichuris trichiura look like |
|
Definition
anterior - threadlike
posterior - thick like handle of a whip |
|
|
Term
| What is the geographical distribution for trichuris trichiura? |
|
Definition
| tropics, subtropics, appalachia, southern us |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnostic stage of the whipworm (trichuris trichuria)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definitive host for the whipworm (trichuris trichuria)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of a light infection from trichuris trichiura? Heavy infection? |
|
Definition
Light - asymptomatic
Heavy - mucoid and bloody diarrhea, rectal prolapse |
|
|
Term
| What do trichuris trichura eggs look like? |
|
Definition
| Football shaped with openings on both ends. |
|
|
Term
| How can one differentiate between an ascaris and an earthworm? |
|
Definition
| ascaris has 3 lips earthworms have 2 lips |
|
|
Term
| What is the definitve host and diagnostic stage for ascaris? |
|
Definition
host - human
diagnostic - fertilized, unfertilized or decorticated egg |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms do migrating larvae of ascaris produce? |
|
Definition
| inflammation, pneumonia, Loeffler's syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms do adult ascaris produce? |
|
Definition
| intestinal blockage, nausea, vomiting, peritonitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Companion animal ascarids, seen in cats and dogs (cati/canis) |
|
|
Term
| How can you differentiate between a fertilized and unfertilized ascaris egg? |
|
Definition
Fertilized - more circular, contains bumpy outer layer (mammilated layer)
Unfertilized - elongated/ovular, does not contain mammilated layer |
|
|
Term
| If the outer layer is missing on a fertilized ascaris egg, what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes visceral larval migrans? |
|
Definition
| Accidental infection of cat/dog ascarids |
|
|
Term
| Enterobius vermicularis Dx stage? |
|
Definition
Gravid female migrates to perianal region to lay eggs.
"Eggs on scotch tape" |
|
|
Term
| How does one become infected by enterobius vermicularis? |
|
Definition
| Eggs ingested (hand-to-mouth) |
|
|
Term
| What region is an infection with enterobius vermicularis most common? |
|
Definition
| cosmopolitan, temperate climates |
|
|
Term
| Where do enterobius vermicularis adults live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Male species of enterobius vermicularis are larger than females. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
One way to differentiate between male and female enterobius vermicularis species is the tail. The males have a curved tail while the females have a pointed tail. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A stool sample is brought to the lab and shows undeveloped eggs within the feces. If you knew that this was a nematode infection, which species would the patient be infected with. (More than one) |
|
Definition
Trichuris trichiura
Ascaris lumbricoides |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Trichuris trichiura live in the colon and the posterior end embeds in the mucosa |
|
Definition
False:
Everything is true except the anterior end embeds in the mucosa, not posterior |
|
|
Term
| Which species is known to cause rectal prolapse and anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You perform a fecal smear and find decorticated eggs, and oblong eggs with a rough surface. Which species is present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does a human become infected with ascaris lumbricoides? |
|
Definition
| Infective eggs are ingested |
|
|
Term
| Which nematode is known for the liver-lung migration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Ascaris lumbricoides lives in the colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Loeffler's syndrome is associated with which nematode? Which stage of the infection causes this? |
|
Definition
| Ascaris lumbricoides migrating larvae |
|
|
Term
| Visceral larval migrans is associated with which nematode? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ancyclostome duodenale is likely to infect a person living in which geographical location |
|
Definition
| All areas except north america |
|
|
Term
True or False:
You cannot differentiate between hookworm species. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the infective stage of a hookworm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With a hookworm, an embryo develops into what after the 1st molt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hookworm Rhabditiform larvae molts twice to become... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do humans become infected with hookworms? |
|
Definition
| Filariform larvae penetrates the skin of humans |
|
|
Term
| Where do hookworms live at inside of the human? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ground itch is associated with what type of worm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intraalveolar hemorrhaging is associated with what type of worm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which white blood cell is likely to increase when infected with a hookworm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cutaneous larval migrans come about? What does it look like? |
|
Definition
Becoming infected witha hookworm species that does not have a human as its definitive host.
Creeping eruption "seeing worm at surface" |
|
|
Term
True or False:
The male strongyloides stercoralis lives in the small intestine. |
|
Definition
False:
There is not such thing as a male strongylodies stercoralis, however, the female does live in the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| How can a strongyloides stercoralis infection be diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Under a microscope you observe one slide and see a short buccal capsule nematode, on another slide you see a similar species only this buccal capsule appears longer. Which species are present on the slides, respectively? |
|
Definition
1) Strongyloides rhabditiform larvae
2) Hookworm rhabditiform larvae |
|
|
Term
| The infective stage of strongyloides stercoralis is the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strongyloides stercoralis have the ability to auto reinfect. Specifically, what does this mean? |
|
Definition
| Larvae develop to infective stage in intestine |
|
|
Term
| Strongyloides stercoralis enter the body by... |
|
Definition
| penetrating the skin and entering the lymphatics or the blood stream |
|
|
Term
| How does strongyloides stercoralis pose a major threat to humans? |
|
Definition
| If one is immunocomprimised, strongyloides stercoralis can be fatal because of autoreinfection. |
|
|
Term
| Where can trichinella spiralis larvae be found? Adults? |
|
Definition
Striated muscle
intestines |
|
|
Term
| How does a doctor diagnose a patient with trichinella spiralis? |
|
Definition
| By finding coiled larvae within the striated muscles during a muscle biopsy |
|
|
Term
| What is the infective stage of trichinella spiralis? |
|
Definition
| encysted larvae in muscles |
|
|
Term
| How does one become infected with trichinella spiralis? |
|
Definition
| Ingestion of undercooked meat containing encysted larvae |
|
|
Term
| What geographical region would you be able to find Dracunculus medinesis? |
|
Definition
| Middle East (Areas of dirty water) |
|
|
Term
| Dracunculus medinesis has an intermediate host. What is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does one get infected with the guinea worm? |
|
Definition
| By drinking watered that has infected copepods |
|
|
Term
| What are the two major symptoms associated with dracunculus medinesis? |
|
Definition
Allergic reaction during migration and
Papule developing into blister that ruptures causing secondary bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| What is the vector for onchocerca volvulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vector for loa loa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the vector for grugia malayi? |
|
Definition
Mansonella and/or Anopheles
(mosquitos) |
|
|
Term
| What is the vector for Wuchereria bancrofti? |
|
Definition
Culex, Aedes, and/or Anopheles
(mosquitos) |
|
|
Term
| What is the intermediate host for filarial worms? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnostic stage for filarial worms? |
|
Definition
| Microfilariae in the blood or skin |
|
|
Term
| How can one be diagnosed with a Wuchereria bancrofti infection? |
|
Definition
| Finding microfilariae with no tail tip nuclei in night blood |
|
|
Term
| How can one be diagnosed with a loa loa infection? |
|
Definition
| Finding microfilariae with two elongated nuclei in the tail tip (day blood) |
|
|
Term
| How can one be diagnosed with a brugia malayi infection |
|
Definition
| Finding microfilariae with 2 round tail tip nuclei that are not continuous |
|
|
Term
| What two filarial worms are associated with elephantiasis? |
|
Definition
| Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi |
|
|
Term
| Which filarial worm causes granulomatous reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which filarial worm causes fibrotic nodules which encase the adults? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mansonella species all have an intermediate host, what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Holdfast organ of a cestode |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cestode has a retractable rostellum with a single row of 20-30 hooks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does a mature segment of a Hymenolepis nana look like? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is/are the transport host(s) for hymenolepis nana? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnostic stage of hymenolepis nana? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the infective stage of hymenolepis nana? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intermediate host for hymenolepis nana? |
|
Definition
| Trick question, does not require an intermediate host |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the definitive host(s) for hymenolepis nana? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cysticercoid larvae formation is associated with what type of helminth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms associated with hymenolepis nana infection? |
|
Definition
| Common gastrointestinal symptoms |
|
|
Term
| What is the definitive host of hymenolepis diminuta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is/are the intermediate host(s) of hymenolepis diminuta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a hymenolepis diminuta egg and a hymenolepis nana egg? |
|
Definition
| Nana eggs have polar filaments and diminuta eggs do not |
|
|
Term
| Under a microscope Taenia saginata's proglottid region differs from Taenia solium's proglottid region because... |
|
Definition
Saginata's proglottid region contains 15-30 lateral uterine branches
Solium's proglottid region has 7-12 lateral uterine branches |
|
|
Term
| If a taenia species has hooks on its scolex, it is said to be which species, solium or saginata? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is/are the intermediate specie(s) for taenia solium and saginata? |
|
Definition
Cow or pig depending on which species
Solium - pork
Saginata - beef |
|
|
Term
| What is the infective stage of both taenia species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False:
Taenia saginata eggs are not infective to humans and cannot cause cysticercosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Adult taenia species are found where in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathology/symptoms of a taenia infection? |
|
Definition
| Depends on where larvae are. Generally, it causes organ specific symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Which species is known as the broadfish tapeworm and has a fingershaped scolex with longitudinal ventral and dorsal areas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the geographical distribution of diphyllobothrium latum? |
|
Definition
| Anywhere where freshwater fish are eaten |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the intermediate host(s) for diphyllobothrium latum? |
|
Definition
1st - copepod
2nd - freshwater fish |
|
|
Term
| What is the Dx stage of diphyllobothrium latum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the infective stage of diphyllobothrium latum? |
|
Definition
| Procercoid develops into pleurocercoid larvae in fish muscle |
|
|
Term
| Which species is associated with plerocercoid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are humans infected with diphyllobothrum latum? |
|
Definition
| Ingesting undercooked freshwater fish |
|
|
Term
| Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with what species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tapeworm is known as the 3/tri-segmented worm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the definitive host for echinococcus granulosus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intermediate host for echinococcus ganulosus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the infective stage for echinococcus granulosus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnostic stage for echinococcus granulosus? |
|
Definition
| Hydatid cyst in Liver, lung, or other organs |
|
|
Term
| What is the microscopic appearance of a dipylidium caninum adult? |
|
Definition
| Scolex with retractable pointed rostellum with genital pore on each side of the proglottid. |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the definitive host(s) for dipylidium caninum? |
|
Definition
| Dog cat and sometimes humans (usually children) |
|
|
Term
| What is the intermediate host for dipylidium caninum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the infective stage for dipylidium caninum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnostic stage for dipylidium caninum? |
|
Definition
| cucumber seed segments, eggs in egg packets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can you find fasciolopis buski in the human body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you differentiate between fasciolopis buski and fasciola hepatica? |
|
Definition
| Fasciola hepatica has a cephalic cone and is known as the sheep liver fluke |
|
|
Term
| What is the geographical distribution of fasciolopis buski and fasciola hepatica? |
|
Definition
buski - asian countries
hepatica - sheep/cattle raising areas other than US |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the definitive host(s) for fasciolopis buski? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is/are the definitive host(s) for fasciola hepatica? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intermediate host for fasciolopis and fasciola? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you tell the difference between the fasciolopis buski and gasciola hepatica egg? |
|
Definition
buski - more rounded
hepatica - more flattened |
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnostic stage for fasciolopis buski and fasciola hepatica? |
|
Definition
| unembryonated egg in feces (both species have similar morphology) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Ix stage for fasciolopis buski and fasciola hepatica? |
|
Definition
| metacercarie on fresh water plant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Motile form of trematode which becomes sporocyst |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Encysted resting cercaria |
|
|
Term
| How do humans become infected with fasciolopis buski or fasciola hepatica? |
|
Definition
| By eating metacercariae from uncooked water plants |
|
|
Term
| Where can one find Fasciolopis buski in the human body? Fasciola hepatica? |
|
Definition
buski - small intestine
hepatica - bile duct |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathology of fasciola hepatica? |
|
Definition
| Typical liver disorders (enlargement, jaundice, pain) |
|
|
Term
| How can a doctor diagnose fasciolopis buski and fasciola hepatica? |
|
Definition
| finding eggs in feces or seeing worm on x-ray |
|
|
Term
| What does the egg of a clonorchis sinesis look like? |
|
Definition
| Round egg with shouldering, knob at posterior end |
|
|
Term
| What are the two intermediate hosts for clonorchis sinesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the definitive hosts for clonorchis sinesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the diagnostic stage for clonorchis sinesis? Infective stage? |
|
Definition
diagnostic - egg in feces
Infective - metacercariae in fish |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathology for clonorchis sinensis? |
|
Definition
| Hepatomegaly, abdominal tenderness, jaundice, liver cancer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sucker surrounding the genital opening |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cleft in a male schistosome where a female resides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Free-floating larvae fluke in which it is going from one intermediate host to another intermediate host or from an intermediate host to its definitive host |
|
|
Term
| What is the intermediate host for Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diagnostic stage for heterophyes heterophyes and metagonimus? Infective stage? |
|
Definition
Egg in feces
Metacercariae in fish |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathology of a heterophyes heterophyes and metagonimus yokogawai infection? |
|
Definition
| chronic mucous diarrhea, granuloma formation around the eggs in other organs |
|
|
Term
| Which oriental fluke is known as the fluke in the lungs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the microscopic view of paragonimus westermani? |
|
Definition
| Acetabulum in the middle, golden brown color, heavily granulated, shaped like football |
|
|
Term
| What are the two intermediate hosts for paragonimus westermani? |
|
Definition
| Snail, then freshwater crab/crayfish |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic stage for paragonimus westermani? |
|
Definition
| Egg in sputum or feces, adults in lung |
|
|
Term
| Infective stage for paragonimus westermani? |
|
Definition
| metacercariae in crab or crayfish |
|
|
Term
| method of infection for paragonimus westermani? |
|
Definition
| humans eat metacercariae from undercooked crab or crayfish |
|
|
Term
| Where in the body would you find paragonimus westermani? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
How many testes does each of the following schistosomes have:
Mansoni
Japonicum
Haematobium |
|
Definition
Mansoni - 6-9
Japonicum - 7
Haematobium - 4-5
*Alphabetical order will help you keep track of the number of testes
(4-5 for H, 7 for J, 6-9 for M) |
|
|
Term
Schistosome eggs have spines. Describe the spine morphology of the following schistosomes:
Mansoni
Haematobium
Japonicum |
|
Definition
Mansoni - long lateral (on side)
Haematobium - long terminal (on back end)
Japonicum - short lateral |
|
|
Term
| What is/are the intermediate host(s) for schistosoma species? |
|
Definition
| Snail is only intermediate host |
|
|
Term
| Diagnostic stage for schistosoma species? |
|
Definition
Egg in feces or urine
(Mansoni and japonicum in feces, haematobium in urine) |
|
|
Term
| Infective stage for schistosome species? |
|
Definition
| skin penetration by cercariae |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathology for schistosoma species? |
|
Definition
| Hematuria, liver-pipestem fibrosis, collateral circulation |
|
|
Term
| Which schistosome species is correlated with bladder cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or FAlse:
Schistosoma mansoni and haematobium are correlated with peresistent salmonella infections. |
|
Definition
False
Mansoni and japonicum are associated with salmonella NOT haematobium |
|
|
Term
| Swimmers itch is associated with which species of helminth? |
|
Definition
|
|
