Term
|
Definition
| (from Ancient Greek: "together" and "living"): is close and often long-term interaction between different biological species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutualism, commensalism, parasitism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One benefits and one is not affected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one benefits and one is harmed |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of parasites (i.e. where they are located) |
|
Definition
| Endoparasite and Ectoparasite |
|
|
Term
| 3 main groups of eukaryotic parasites |
|
Definition
| Protozoans, helminths and arthropods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Generally a single cell w/single nucleus (Giardia is an exception)
2. Organelle for movement- flagella, cilia, undulating membrane
3. Aerobic or anaerobic
4. Energy supplied by host |
|
|
Term
| 3 types of helminths (parasitic worms) |
|
Definition
| nematodes (round, nonsegmented), trematodes (flukes; flat nonsegmented), and cestodes (tapeworms; flat, segmented) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vectors(mosquitos) or disease causing(mites). |
|
|
Term
| Parasites' mechanism of entry (4 answers) |
|
Definition
| Ingestion, insect bite(vector), sexual contact, direct contact with organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| harbors the sexual stage of the parasite |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| harbors the parasite only for a short transition period, during which (usually) some developmental stage is completed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar to an intermediate host, only that it is not needed for the parasite's development cycle to progress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A host that serves as a source of infection and potential re-infection of humans and as a means of sustaining a parasite when it is not infecting humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A host that serves as a source of infection and potential re-infection of humans and as a means of sustaining a parasite when it is not infecting humans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Inhibit or avoid the immune system
a. Antigenic variation
b. Hide within cells
c. Secrete proteins and other compounds that inhibit the immune system and other protective processes
2. Inhibit or avoid intracellular killing mechanisms
a. Prevent phago-lysosomal fusion
b. Escape into the cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| from Greek for “flowing through”, 3 or more loose or unformed stools in a day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the presence of excess fat in feces |
|
|
Term
| Giardia lamblia is also known as _____ fever because this animal is often the __________ host. |
|
Definition
| Beaver fever; reservoir host |
|
|
Term
| Giardia is usually trasmitted via |
|
Definition
| the fecal-oral route, primarily from contaminated water. |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Giardia has a sexual stage. |
|
Definition
| False, there is no known sexual stage for Giardia. |
|
|
Term
| How do Giardia reproduce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Giardia cysts have how many nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates Giardia cysts to excystate? |
|
Definition
| Bile salts in small intestine |
|
|
Term
| Giardia cysts excystate to form __ (#) _____ which are binucleate. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Giardia trophozoites are ____ shaped, have ___(#) flagella and have an ________ ____ for attachment. |
|
Definition
| Pear shaped; 8 flagella; adhesive disc for attachment. |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms of Giardia pathogenesis |
|
Definition
| inhibit lacteal function and flatten the villi |
|
|
Term
| A lacteal is_____and the inhibition of fat uptake by lacteals caused by Giardia infection causes what to occur? |
|
Definition
| A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine. When it is inhibited it causes steatorrhea(excess fat in poop) and affects metabolism of organisms within the large intestine -> stinky diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| The effect of the flattening of villi by Giardia is |
|
Definition
| decreased surface area in the small intestine which leads to decreased nutrient absorption. |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of a Giardia infection |
|
Definition
i. Many people do not develop disease and may become carriers
ii. Steatorrhea and malabsorbtion
iii. Immunocompromised- protracted illness |
|
|
Term
| What methods are used to diagnose Giardia infections |
|
Definition
| Direct observation in stool samples, ELISA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Clean water supply
ii. Good hygiene
iii. Don’t drink creek water- boiling doesn’t always work- higher altitudes lower boiling point |
|
|
Term
| Enamoeba histolytica is transmitted via the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Entamoeba histolytica has no _________ host. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False. One Entamoeba histolytica cyst can cause an infection. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Entamoeba histolytica cysts have ____ nuclei and one cyst excysts into ____ trophozoites. |
|
Definition
| 4 nuclei; cysts become 4 trophozoites. |
|
|
Term
| Where and why do Entamoeba histolytica cysts excyst |
|
Definition
| Excysts in the small intestine following sequential exposure to low pH and high pH |
|
|
Term
| Entamoeba histolytica have these structures which are condensed chromatin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The invasive form of E. histolytica trophozoites may contain ____ in their cytoplasm, since they "eat" them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| E. histolytica trophozoites live in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EH penetrate the ___________ space and attach to __________ cells. |
|
Definition
| Perimucosal space; epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| EH causes a _____ shaped ulcer from engulfing and killing cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EH trophozoites can either divide by ______ _______ (asexually reproduce) or encystate and exit the host. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EH mechanism of pathogenesis... |
|
Definition
| Attach to columnar epithelial cells, digests and migrates through layers of intestinal mucosa. |
|
|
Term
| EH troph. recognizes target cell by seeing _________ since EH troph. has a _____ receptor. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a receptor on the surface of a cell that reacts with a sugar |
|
|
Term
| after EH cell attaches it releases ______________________________. |
|
Definition
| a variety of enzymes and pore forming peptides that digest host cells |
|
|
Term
| The reason that EH burrows through the intestinal mucosa is because it really wants to get to _____ _____ because it wants to eat ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Some may be asymptomatic carriers
ii. Progresses from watery diarrhea to dysentery
1. Chronic infection can lead to formation of an amoeboma- large granuloma containing eosinophils, amoebae and necrotic tissue
2. Can cause perforation of the bowel
a. Cutaneous amoebiasis can result as the inflamed bowel adheres to the abdominal wall
iii. Extraintestinal amoebiasis
1. Amoebae breach circulation of the intestine
2. Liver, lung, brain abscess |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treat EH cyst with ________ and trophozoites with _____ which inhibits __________ |
|
Definition
| Iodiquinol, metronidazole(flagyl), anaerobic metabolism |
|
|
Term
| Cryptosporidium parvum/hominis is transmitted via the _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reservoir host for Crypto |
|
Definition
| primarily humans, cattle, sheep, birds, etc |
|
|
Term
| Get Crypto by ingesting _______ which contain ____ sporozoites that excyst in the ____ _________. |
|
Definition
| oocysts, 4, small intestine. |
|
|
Term
| Crypto sporozoites attach to the __________ of the intestinal _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crypto sporozoites after attachment cause the _____ to elongate and fuse to create a unique intracellular environment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False. Crypto have only reproduce asexually. |
|
Definition
| False, Crypto has both asexual and sexual stages. The sexual stage produces meronts that turn into microgamonts and macrogamonts. |
|
|
Term
| Crypto oocysts are formed by the fusing of the ___________ and ___________ which are both _______ (ploidy). |
|
Definition
| Microgamont and macrogamont. Haploid. |
|
|
Term
| Crypto can have both thin walled and thick walled oocyst. The thin walled ones do what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when Crypto sporulates it has ____ sporozoites |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Watery diarrhea
1. Generally self limiting
2. Major problem if immunocompromised
ii. Development of a significant immune response
1. IgA, IgG |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Microscopy- Acid fast stained oocysts
ii. PCR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
i. Microvilli derived membrane protects parasite against drugs
ii. Antiviral drugs to restore the immune system in AIDS patients |
|
|
Term
| Balantidium coli is one of the only protozoans that cause human disease that have what organelle for movement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Balantidium coli are large or small in comparison to other parasites we have talked about? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reservoir for balantidium coli |
|
Definition
| domestic and wild animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape is the trophozoite's nucleus for balantidium coli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B. coli has a cytostome, what is that? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Trophozoites of balantidium coli colonize where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Toxoplasmosis definitive host |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cats can ingest either oocysts or pseudocysts(from the tissue of the intermediate host that they kill/eat). What do pseudocysts contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bradyzoites are ___ dividing and tachyzoites are ____ dividing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bradyzoites are released into the small intestine and invade epithelial cells and turn into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Merozoites of toxo can produce sexually and asexually, and what do they produce. |
|
Definition
| True. Asexually produce more merozoites, sexually produce micro and macrogametes which fuse to make oocysts. |
|
|
Term
| Do toxo oocysts mature after or before they are released into the environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If toxo oocyst is consumed then where do they excyst and what do they become? |
|
Definition
| Intestines and become sporozoites. Don't stay in intestines though, engulfed by macrophages. |
|
|
Term
| After macrophage eats toxo sporozoite what happens? And what does the sporozoite become? |
|
Definition
| The sporozoite in the phagosome prevents the fusion of the lysosome then it reproduces really quickly which makes it a tachyzoite. |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Toxo lacks specificity |
|
Definition
| True, it will invade ANY cell. |
|
|
Term
| After your immune system responds to toxo what happens to the tachyzoites? |
|
Definition
| They turn back into bradyzoites. |
|
|
