Term
| What is the vector for Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where is Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense found? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the vector for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is Trypanosoma brucei gambiense found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the common name for Glossina? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are you able to distinguish between the trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma brucei? |
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Definition
| T. cruzi are C shaped while the others are more elongated |
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Term
| what is the infective stage for Trypanosomas? |
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Definition
| metacyclic trypomastigote |
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Term
| What does T. rhodesiense cause? |
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Definition
| FAST acting so dont see symptoms of African sleeping sickness that you see in T. gambiense. 100% fatal without treatment |
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Term
| What does T. gambiense cause? |
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Definition
| African sleeping sickness, immune-mediated damage to caps in brain--african sleeping sickness and death |
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Term
| What does T. cruzi cause? |
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Definition
| Chagas' disease; affects heart and GI tract |
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Term
| What is the vector for T. cruzi? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the scientific name for the kissing bug? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the life cycle of T. cruzi.. |
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Definition
| metacyclic trypomastigotes in feces rubbed into womb, intracellular amastigotes, amastigotes are dividing and cause cell to burst, blood formed trypomastigotes, kissing bug comes and takes a blood meal, epimastigotes within the bug gut, mature and move towards the hind gut where become metacyclic trypomastigotesss. |
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Term
| Describe the life cycle of T. brucei |
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Definition
| metacyclic trypomastigotes in fly saliva (ANTERIOR), fly blood meal injects trypomastigotes in blood, another Glossina comes and takes a blood meal and become dividing epimastigotes within the fly gut and mature into metacyclic trypomastigotes in the fly saliva |
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Term
| What does it mean for a species to be anterior or posterior station? |
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Definition
| anterior = infection of mouth and posterior= infection through the feces |
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Term
| Which station does T. cruzi cocupy? |
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Definition
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Term
| How can you differentiate between the epimastigotes and trypomastigotes? |
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Definition
by origin of the undulating membrane
anterior to nucleus = epimastigote
posterior to nucleus = trypomastigote |
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|
Term
| What is host specificity? |
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Definition
| inclination towards a certain host or a group of hosts |
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Term
| What is the pathology of T. rhodesiense and T. gambiense? |
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Definition
chancre-headache/fever-lymph node enlargement-neuro issues-coma
T. rhodiense -ACUTE
T. gambiense -CHRONIC |
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|
Term
| How do you diagnose infection with Trypanosomaa rhodesiense and gambiense? |
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Definition
| clinical (present with neuro issues), examine bodily fluids, antibodies ordered |
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Term
| What is the pathology of Chagas' Disease? |
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Definition
chagoma (swelling, local); Romana's sign (edema on one side of the face), if early detect in blood and tissue; if later it is in the tissue and less in the blood.
Causes heart and GI symptoms (mega-syndrome) |
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Term
| How do you diagnose Chagas' disease? |
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Definition
| If early on look in the blood (if later the amastigotes would be in the tissue) and xenodiagnosis |
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Term
| Where is Chagas' disease found? |
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Definition
| Latin America (not North America) because the kissing bugs don't poop while they eat (posterior) |
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Term
| Discuss population control with T. lewisi |
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Definition
| T. lewisi normally grows in the host for 30 days and then it disappears because T. lewisi causes host to produce ablastin (Ab) which inhibits cells reproduction capacity then cause production of trypanolysin (a lytic Ab) (@day 14) |
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Term
| Trypanosomes and hominid evolution |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Current Contents, Biological Abstracts, Index Vet Medicine, Tropical Diseases Bulletin, Index Catalogue of Med and Vet zoology, Helminthological Abstracts, Medline |
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Term
| What journal is devoted to parasitology? |
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Definition
| Index Catalogue of Med and Vet Zoology |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 types of abstracts? |
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Definition
| informational and descriptive |
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Term
| What is the difference between an informational abstract and a descriptive abstract? |
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Definition
info: includes results and conclusions
descriptive: causes more work for the reader |
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Term
| Why are abstracts important? |
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Definition
| because key words are links to articles and attention because of focus of words |
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Term
| what are the qualities of a good abstract? |
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Definition
| 1/2 coherent paragraphs, good transitions, in chronological order with the article, wide audience understands, no new info, use passive verbs and no personal pronouns |
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Term
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Definition
| thought experiment to pull all materials related to a particular topic into one |
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Term
| why is a review paper important? |
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Definition
| relevant not already answered question, pulls complements related to a particular topic into one |
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Term
| what are the features of a good review article? |
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Definition
| integrates lots of articles, show major research direxn in the field, summarize major conclusions |
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Term
| What is the history behind nomenclature? |
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Definition
1. Started by Linnaes in Systemae Nature (1758) use genus and specific names
2. 1889 R. Blanchard organized the first conference in Paris to attempt to organize names
3. 1904 formed International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature |
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Term
| What are the rules to know about nomenclature? |
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Definition
1. zoological not different from biological
2. (generic) (specific) (subspecific)
3. family name = -idae; subfamily name= -inae
4. to latinize add "i"
5. if genus name changes, others also change |
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Term
| What distinguishes parasites from free living organisms? |
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Definition
1. high reproduction rate
2. anaerobic respiration
3. depend on environment for developmental materials, digestive enzymes, control of maturation
4. diff metabolism (no Krebs cycle)
5. morphologically different to stay within the host |
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Term
| What distinguishes parasites from free living organisms?ure |
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Definition
1. high reproduction rate
2. anaerobic respiration
3. depend on environment for developmental materials, digestive enzymes, control of maturation
4. diff metabolism (no Krebs cycle)
5. morphologically different to stay within the host |
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Term
| what are the special hazards to a parasites? |
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Definition
| host defense mechanisms (antibodies, metabolites) |
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|
Term
| what are features of both host and parasite that allow the infection to occur? |
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Definition
| parasite must endure toxic effects of host and host must provide nutrients for parasite to use |
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|
Term
| what are the effects of parasites on hosts? |
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Definition
| use host food blood and tissue fluid, destroy host tissue, tissue changes, production of immune substances, increases growth |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 organisms living together |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| one benefits without affecting the other |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
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Definition
| traditional view one org is harmed but now want a scale based on degree of dependence |
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|
Term
| what are the 3 stages in association of host and parasites? |
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Definition
| infection (gut or skin), maintain self within host then reproduction and production of infective agents |
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|
Term
| what bio processes occur during the infective stage? |
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Definition
| exsheathment or evagination of larvae, loss of cilia, phys/chem/pH, temp, enzymes |
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|
Term
| what happens during the maintenance phase? |
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Definition
| feeding/growth/respiration/moulting/excretion/ changes in nutrients |
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|
Term
| what happens in reprodxn and pdxn of infective agents? |
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Definition
| asexual/sex cells, fertilization, evolution increases need for nutrients |
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|
Term
| what are the general forms of a protozoan? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| active stage; semi permeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| what 3 ways can get nutrition |
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Definition
| saprozoic, halozoic, holophytic |
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Term
|
Definition
| absorb through cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| through cytostome (mouth) |
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Term
|
Definition
| synthesize with chlorophyll |
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|
Term
| what are three protective organelles |
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Definition
| cyst, calcerous/silicous shells, netting liquid |
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|
Term
during asexual production what plane do amoebae divide?
ciliates?
flagellates? |
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Definition
| no specific; transverse; longitudinal |
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|
Term
what is free-living respiration?
parasites |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some safeguards for survival |
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Definition
| direct host-to-host transfer, cyst, xexual phase in life cycle (plasmodium) and intermediate hosts |
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|
Term
| what is the law of priority |
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Definition
| valid name is that whic it was first designated; must have been published and described and use binary nomenclature |
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|
Term
| what 4 things must a parastite get from its host? |
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Definition
| developmental stimuli, digestive enzymes, nutrition, chemicals of host allow parasite to mature |
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Term
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Definition
| single-celled organism will all structures and organelles and components like humans |
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|
Term
| where is entamoeba gingivalis located |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the infective stage of Entamoeba gingivalis? |
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Definition
| trophozoite because doesn't have a cyst |
|
|
Term
| it Entamoeba gingivalis a pathogen? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How is entamoeba gingivalis transferred? |
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Definition
| direct either kissing or sharing of utensils |
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|
Term
| Where is Entamoeba coli located |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the infective stage of Entamoeba coli? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Is Entamoeba coli pathogenic? |
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Definition
| nonpathogenic but find blood cells sometimes |
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Term
| How can you tell the difference between Entamoeba coli and Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites? |
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Definition
E. coli -has off centered endosome and thick chromatin ring
E. histolytica= central endosome and fine chromatin ring |
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Term
| How can you tell the difference between the cysts of E. coli and E. histolytica? |
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Definition
E. histolytica-blunt
E. coli-splintered |
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|
Term
| Where is Entamoeba histolytica found? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| is Entamoeba histolytica pathogenic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the infective stage of E. histolytica? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| where is Endolimax nana found? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| what is hte infective stage? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How can you tell the trophozoite of E. nana? |
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Definition
| large endosome looks like an eyeball's pupil |
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|
Term
| What is the only human ciliate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the trophozoite of B. coli? |
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Definition
| oval: large curved macronucleus and small micronucleus |
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|
Term
| describe the cyst of Balantidium coli? |
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Definition
| smooth round large curved cyst; cell wall may be separated |
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Term
| what is B. coli capable of causing? |
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Definition
| intestinal lesions that may result in something similar to amoebic dysentery of E. histolytica |
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|
Term
| aside from humans what else does B. coli infect? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where is Iodamoeba butschlii found? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| describe the trophozoite of Iodamoeba butschlii |
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Definition
| large eye similar to Endolimax nana but also has a vacuole |
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|
Term
| Describe the cyst of Iodamoeba butschlii |
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Definition
| ovular; 1 nucleus GLYCOGEN FILLED VACUOLE (iodinophilous) |
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Term
| What is the typical life cycle of the amoeba and ciliates? |
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Definition
| trophozoite (cecum and colon)-cyst (feces/ingested)-trophozoite(cecum and colon) |
|
|
Term
| describe the trophozoite of Doentamoeba fragilis? |
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Definition
| of lumen dwelling it's most fragile (amoeboid)NO CYST; 2 nuclei |
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|
Term
| how is dientamoeba fragilis infective? |
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Definition
| in the eggs of the pinworm (Enterobius vermicularis) may cause diarrhea |
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|
Term
| Where is Chilomastix mesnili found? |
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Definition
| gut flagellate found worldwide in 6% of the population |
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|
Term
| Is Chilomastix mesnili pathogenic |
|
Definition
| no but in large numbers it can cause diarrhea |
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|
Term
| decribe the life cycle of the mastigophora.... |
|
Definition
| trophozoite in cecum and colon, cyst in feces....cyst = infective stage |
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|
Term
| describe the trophozoite of Chilomastix mesnili |
|
Definition
| PEAR shaped;; 3 anterior flagella with a 4th within the cytosome spiral groove down the middle |
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|
Term
| describe the cyst of Chilomastix mesnili |
|
Definition
| lemon-shaped; nucleus with 1 karyosome |
|
|
Term
| Describe Giardia lamblia trophozoite? |
|
Definition
| most prevalent human intestinal parasite; cosmopolitan 4 pairs of flagella; adhesive disks to attach to intestinal walls |
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|
Term
| What is detected in those suspected of having Giardia lamblia? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
Vitamin B-12 gives you:
Increased energy, Restored mental clarity, and help with memory loss, Reduced daily stress and irritability
Signs of Deficiency: Chronic fatigue - macrocytic / megaloblastic anemia, Unexplained numbness or tingling of arms or legs, Anxiety and irritability, Depression, Digestive problem |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| one of the most common of the five major classes of immunoglobulins; the chief antibody in the membranes of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts |
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|
Term
| describe the cysts of Giardia lamblia |
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Definition
| axonemes and 4 nuclei (may not be all visible within a plane); found in the feces **median bodies are the remains of the flagella |
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|
Term
| What is the pathology of Giardiasis? |
|
Definition
| intestinal disorders, diarrhea nad related symptoms due to malabsortption attaches with the adhesive discs |
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|
Term
| what are some symptoms of giardiasis |
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Definition
| diarrhea, flatulence, weith loss, if bile duct and gall bladder are involved may produce jaundice and colic |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose giardiasis? |
|
Definition
| cysts within the stool but use concentration method; don't look for trophozoites because rarely found in the sotol |
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|
Term
| what three species of Trichomonas were found to infect humans? |
|
Definition
| T. tenax, T. vaginalis, T. hominis |
|
|
Term
| How many flagella do the Trichomonas have? |
|
Definition
T. tenas and T. vaginalis = 4 flagella
T. hominis = 5 (Pentatrichomonas) |
|
|
Term
| Where is T. tenax located? |
|
Definition
mouth; small trophozoites (we didn't even see)
nonpathogenic and through direct transmission |
|
|
Term
| What is the transmission of T. tenax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the transmission of T. vaginalis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do the Trichomonas have a cyst phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does T. vaginalis occur? |
|
Definition
fem--vagina
male--urethra, epididymis and prostate gland
STILL NO CYST |
|
|
Term
| Is T. vaginalis pathogenic? |
|
Definition
| YES; female-yellow discharge , itch and burning |
|
|
Term
| Describe the epidemiology of T. vaginalis |
|
Definition
NO mitochondria, 170 million worldwide more blacks than whites
4 free plus 1 undulating membrane
pH of 5-6 (normal for vagina is about 4 to 4.5) |
|
|
Term
| who does T. vaginalis affect more...men or women? |
|
Definition
| women 10-25%; way less in men but just may be harder to detect |
|
|
Term
| describe the trophozoite of Trichomonas vaginalis |
|
Definition
| larger than the other 3, undulating membrane down 1/3 of body...PROMINENT AXOSTYLE |
|
|
Term
| Describe the trophozoite of Pentatrichomonas hominis |
|
Definition
| 5 free flagellan and an undulating membrane NO CYST |
|
|
Term
| How is T. hominis transmitted? |
|
Definition
| lives in colon, fecal-oral contamination, TROPH survives stomach acidity can survive in food and dringk |
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|
Term
| Of the Trichomonas, which are pathogens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how to tell apart the Trichomonas species |
|
Definition
T. tenax--really small (2/3 undulating membrane)
T. vaginalis--large (1/3 undulating membrane)
P. hominis--undulating membrane full length of body |
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|
Term
| what is the life cycle of Leishmania |
|
Definition
| amastigote infects macrophages, lysosome fuses but pellice prevent lytic action, lives and reproduces w/in vacuole, sandfly gets blood meal and infected cells, within vector its a promastigote, attach to gut and multiply, moving toward salivary glands changes to promastigote, infect mammalian host(macrophages attack and start up again) |
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|
Term
| Which organisms cause Visceral leishmaniasis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reticulo-endothelial system disease; as it proliferates you detect a decrease in RBC and WBC and hyperplasia of affected organism (spleen and liver), FATAL without treatment, immunity if recover |
|
|
Term
| what is splenomegaly and hepatomegaly? |
|
Definition
| enlargement of spleen and liver (can be caused in VL) |
|
|
Term
| what are some of the symptoms and bow to diagnose VL? |
|
Definition
fever chills
ID with smear, xenodiagnosis or biopsy |
|
|
Term
| why does hyperplasia occur? |
|
Definition
| hyperplasia equals proliferation of cells because trying to replace infected cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organisms causes Cutaneous leishmaniasis? |
|
Definition
| Leishmania tropica and Leishmania mexicana |
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for cutaneous leishmaniasis |
|
Definition
| oriental sore (OLD WORLD-L. tropica) and (NEW WORLD-L. mexicana) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathology of oriental sore? |
|
Definition
| amastigotes gather around cutaneous sore; nodule--erupts--more sores: 2 types of sores chronic/dry (delay) and acute /moist(quick ulceration) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| look at ulcer, ID amastigotesin colon, culture |
|
|
Term
| What organism causes mucocutaneous leishmaniasis? |
|
Definition
| L. braziliense; at junctures hard to distinguish between other leishmaniasis species. |
|
|
Term
| after the initial first bite by the sandfly the 2nd bite depends on the location..... |
|
Definition
EAR (Mexico or Central Amer)
NASAL or BUCCAL (if in South Amer) |
|
|
Term
| What is the vector of Leishmania? |
|
Definition
the sandfly
Lutzomyia (L. mexicana)
Phlebotomus (L. tropica) |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the Leishmanial complex? |
|
Definition
| grouping of Leishmanisas becasue hard to distinguish from each other unless using serological studies |
|
|
Term
| Name some other forms of Leishmania |
|
Definition
| L. guyanesis and L. peruana (uta) |
|
|
Term
| what is morphogenesis? and why do we discuss? |
|
Definition
| change (may be caused by diff. influences); because parasite changes from one stage to the next |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a secondary host? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| host specificity means.... |
|
Definition
| adaptability of a species of parasite to a certain host or group of hosts...determined by genetic, immunological, physiological and/or eco factors |
|
|
Term
| what is an experiment to test host specificity? |
|
Definition
|
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