Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do flagella reproduce? |
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Definition
| longitudinal binary fission |
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Term
| microtubular rod that is central part of the flagellum; arises from kinetosome |
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Definition
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Term
| a stout microtubular rod that runs throughout the body. In trichomonads, it extends out from posterior end |
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Definition
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Term
| origin of flagellum (found at base of flagellum) structure is identical to centrioles of other eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
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Term
| a dark staining disc composed of circles of DNA- found within the mitochondrion |
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Definition
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Term
| formed by a flagellum bent back along and loosely attached to cell surface; involved in cell motility |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| flagellates found in the blood |
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Definition
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Term
| flagellate that requires 2 hosts in life cycle for development |
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Definition
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Term
| flagellate that undergoes development within a single host |
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Definition
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Term
| different morphological forms, depending upon host and location within the host |
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Definition
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Term
| round, no external flagellum, intacellular form within host cells |
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Definition
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Term
| flagellum arising from wide, funnel-shaped pocket at anterior end |
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Definition
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Term
| kinetoplast is at the anterior end with the flagellum. No undulating membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| kinetoplast is located between anterior end and nucleus with a short undulating membrane running from the middle to the anterior end |
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Definition
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Term
| kinetoplast posterior to nucleus and the flagellum arising near it to run along a long undulating memebrane the length of parasite |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two developmental stages of a heteroxenous parasite? |
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Definition
One phase of life cycle in gut of bloodsucking insect
Other phase of life cycle in blood or other tissues of vertebrate host |
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Term
| What are the two types of transmission from a vector to the host? |
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Definition
Salivarian- infection by inoculation in saliva during bloodsucking activity of infected invertebrate host
Stecorarian- infection by contamination of bite wound with invertebrate host feces. Feces can be rubbed into bite wound, ingested, or penetrate mucous membrane. |
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Term
| What are the 3 "African trypanosomes"? |
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Definition
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense |
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Term
| Which of the 3 African tryps affects only animals? |
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Definition
| Trypanosoma brucei brucei |
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Term
| What is the common name of the disease African trypanosomiasis? |
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Definition
| African Sleeping Sickness |
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Term
| Which parasite causes the acute form of African trypanosomiasis? |
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Definition
| Trypanosoma b. rhodesiense |
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Term
| Which parasite causes the chronic form of African trypansomiasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the common name of African trypanosomiasis that occurs in native livestock caused by Trypanosoma b. brucei? |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the difference between Trypanosoma b. rhodesiense and Trypanosoma b. gambiense? |
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Definition
| Both species cause the same type of clinical disease, only difference is the time frame for the onset of the signs and response to certain treatment |
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Term
| Which tryp is found in West Africa? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tryp is found in East Africa? |
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Definition
| Trypanosoma b. rhodesiense |
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|
Term
| What system do the tryps mainly affect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the vector that transmits African Sleeping Sickness? Give the genus and the common name. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the infective stage of the tryps for humans? |
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Definition
| metacyclic trypomastigotes |
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|
Term
| What is it the parasite does to keep the body's immune system from responding properly? |
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Definition
| Tryps have a virulence factor that enables them to change their antigenic coat. Variation in the surface glycoprotein antigens; evades the host's immune responses; eventually exhaust the host's immune system and kill the host |
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|
Term
| How would you diagnose someone microscopically with one of the tryps? |
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Definition
| Trypomastigotes in blood, lymph node aspirates or CNS fluid |
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Term
| This parasite has no vector but is transmitted sexual, occurs only in horses and donkeys |
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Definition
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Term
| This tryp occurs in the Americas from southern USA thru central America to southern Argentina |
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Definition
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|
Term
What kind of vector transmits Trypanosoma cruzi?
What is the nickname of this vector? |
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Definition
Triatomid/ Reduviid insects
"kissing bug" |
|
|
Term
| What is the infective stage of Trypanosoma cruzi? How is it transmitted? |
|
Definition
Infective stage is metacyclic trypomastigote found in vector's feces
Transmitted when vector takes a blood meal, will deficate near bite wound. Wound itches and feces can be rubbed into wound.
Can also be transmitted when vector deficates and feces gets into the eye or mouth, can penetrate mucous membrane |
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Term
| What happens when Trypanosoma cruzi infects a host? |
|
Definition
Enters bite wound/ mucous membrane from vector feces as metacyclic trypomastigotes
Enters cell by actively penetrating them
Form amastigotes inside tissue cells
Amastigotes multiply-> transform into trypomastigotes, rupture cells and invade more cells
transform into amastigotes and repeat process
Trypomastigotes in the bloodstream picked up by Reduviid bug hosts with their blood meal |
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|
Term
| pockets of amastigotes in muscle cells (especially cardiac muscle) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for American trypanosomiasis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a firm, raised swelling at the bite site (Chagas disease) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a chagoma that involves the eye and tissues around the eye |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This form of Chagas disease can include cardiomegaly, megaesophagus, megacolon. End result is ultimately death |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This tryp's host is a rodent and the vector is a flea |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Can Trypanosoma lewisi infect humans? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How is Trypanosoma lewisi transmitted? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| This group of parasites are obligate intracellular parasites within macrophages |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Leishmania species are distributed in "old world"? What's considered "old world"? |
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Definition
Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major, Leishmania donovani
"Old world" is considered the Eastern hemisphere- Southern Europe, Asia, Africa |
|
|
Term
Which species of Leishmania are considered "new world"?
What is "new world"? |
|
Definition
Leishmanis braziliensis, Leishmania mexicana, Leishmania chagasi
"New world"- Western hemisphere- Central and South America |
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|
Term
| What is the vector that transmits Leishmania? Whats the common name and the genus of the old and new world vectors. |
|
Definition
Common name- sand fly
Old world- Phlebotomus
New world- Lutzomyia |
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Term
| How is Leishmania transmitted? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which Leishmania species causes the cutaneous clinical sydrome? Also called "oriental sore" |
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Definition
| Leishmania tropica, Leishmania major, Leishmania braziliensis |
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Term
| What species of Leishmania cause mucocutaneous clinical syndromes? Called "espundia" |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which species of Leishmania cause the visceral clinical syndromes? Called "kala azar" (black fever) |
|
Definition
| Leishmania donovani, Leishmania chagasi |
|
|
Term
Which stage is infective for the vector?
Which stage is infective for the human host? |
|
Definition
Infective stage for vector is amastigote
Infective stage for human host is promastigote |
|
|
Term
| What is the life cycle of Leishmania? |
|
Definition
- sand fly picks up macrophages with amastigotes when takes a blood meal from human
- transform to promastigotes in fly gut
- promastigote inoculated into vertebrate host bite wound with vector saliva
- promastigotes phagocytized by macrophages
- transform to amastigotes and multiply within host cell
- amastigotes rupture cell and infect new cell
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|
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Term
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Definition
| Leishman Donovan bodies, amastigotes referred to as LD bodies in older literature |
|
|
Term
Characterized as an ulcer formation at bite site (amastigotes always found at margins of lesions)
"oriental sore"
"Baghdad boil"
"Jerico boil"
"Chiclero's ulcer"- on pinna of ear
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Lesions at mucocutaneous junctions
Advance to necrotizing inflammation deep in tissue resulting in disfiguration and scarring
"espundia" |
|
Definition
| Mucocutaneous leishmaniasis |
|
|
Term
microorganisms invade reticuloendothial tissue throughout the body (especially spleen, liver, and bone marrow)
"kala azar"
"black fever" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you diagnose leishmaniasis? |
|
Definition
impression smears from lesions
cultures inoculated with suspected infected tissue
biopsy: tissue sections containing infected cells |
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|
Term
| This is the most common flagellate of the human GI tract |
|
Definition
| Giardia lamblia/ intestinalis (same organism) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two forms of Giardia lamblia? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This form of Giardia lamblia has two muclei and 8 flagella |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| This form of Giardia lamblia is environmentally resistant, is the infective form passed in feces. Has 4 nuclei |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How is Giardia intestinalis transmitted? |
|
Definition
| fecal contamination of water supply |
|
|
Term
| What is the life cycle of Giardia? |
|
Definition
- cysts passed in feces (immediately infective when passed out in feces)
- ingested and excyst in small intestine
- each cyst will give rise to two binucleate trophozoites
- trophozoites will multiply by binary fission
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|
|
Term
| watery diarrhea from an infection of Giardia lamblia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the parasite do in the small intestine? |
|
Definition
| Attaches to epithelial cells in SI via adhesive discs on ventral surface of parasite but do not directly damage tissues. They feed on the mucus produced by the goblet cells of the GI epithelium and interfere withh absorption of fats and other nutrients in SI |
|
|
Term
| This parasite is a non-pathogenic commensal in the colon of humans and is frequently found on slides with Giardia |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are the two forms of Chilomastix mesnili? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe Chilomastix mesnili trophs |
|
Definition
pear-shaped with pointed posterior end
4 flagella but one curves back to form short undulating membrane
only 1 nucleus with a small endosome located close to anterior end |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of Chilomastix mesnili cysts? |
|
Definition
pear or lemon-shaped
small and thick walled
only 1 nucleus |
|
|
Term
| What parasite causes trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a harmless commensal in intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Trichomonas vaginalis transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Transmitted through body fluids in sexual contact |
|
|
Term
| How would you treat trichomoniasis? |
|
Definition
| Flagyl; treat both partners |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of Trichomonas vaginalis trophs? |
|
Definition
anterior tuft of flagella
prominent axostyle
visible undulating membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is the infective stage of Trichomonas vaginalis? |
|
Definition
trophozoite
Doesn't form cysts! |
|
|
Term
| This parasite has 5 anterior flagella |
|
Definition
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