Term
| use of a microscope to view objects too small to be visible with the naked eye |
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Definition
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Term
| enlargement of the image of an object using a microscope |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 objective lense powers? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which objective lense do you use oil? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the magnification when using the 40x objective and the 10x ocular lense? |
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Definition
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Term
| degree to which detail in specimen is retained in a magnified image |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the resolution of a light microscope? |
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Definition
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Term
| difference in visual properties that makes an object distinguishable from other objects and the background |
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Definition
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Term
What type of microscope?
- most common
-organisms/specimens are not living
-requires staining of specimens
-light is transmitted through specimen
- specimen appears dark on a light background |
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Definition
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Term
What type of microscope?
- Utilizes an occult disk under the condenser lens
-use for viewing live organisms in liquid samples
-light is reflected by particles on the slide
-specimens appear bright against a dark background |
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Definition
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Term
What type of microscope?
-Utilize special condensers and lenses to align the image being seen
- used under high magnifications to view details of living organisms
-adds considerable cost to have condensers and lenses |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
What knob do you use when using oil immersion?
Course adjustment or fine focus? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what direction should you move the objective lenses? |
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Definition
10x -> 40x ->100x ->10x
yellow -> blue -> white -> yellow |
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Term
| a scale within microscope eyepiece used to measure size of a specimen |
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Definition
| eyepiece micrometer/ reticle |
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Term
| Using each objective, how much is one unit on the micrometer equal to? |
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Definition
10x: each unit equals 1.00 μm
40x: each unit equals 0.25 μm
100x: each unit equals 0.10 μm |
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Term
| What type of paper can you use to clean the microscope lenses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the kimwipes used for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 mechanisms of entry for protozoa? |
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Definition
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Term
| parasite found in only one type of host |
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Definition
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Term
| parasite found in many types of hosts |
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Definition
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Term
| parasite will readily change hosts, can be transmitted from animals to humans |
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Definition
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Term
| parasite will only occupy one niche in human host |
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Definition
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Term
| parasite will occupy any tissue within the host |
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Definition
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Term
| Host that harbors sexual stages of the parasite and sexual reproduction occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| This host is required in the life cycle of the parasite where it undergoes life cycle development. No sexual reproduction in this host |
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Definition
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Term
| No development in this host, but parasite remains alive and infective. Enables parasite to enhance survival until it can reach appropriate host |
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Definition
| Paratenic/ transport host |
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Term
| A host that sustains a parasite in an environment. This host is a source of infection and potential reinfection in humans. Parasite usually has no effect on this host even though there is some development of parasite. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 types of asexual reproduction done by protozoa? |
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Definition
binary fission
multiple fission |
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Term
| What's the difference between binary and multiple fission? |
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Definition
Binary fission is one parasite divides producing two parasites
Multiple fission is one parasite divides to produce many parasites |
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Term
| schizont divides into multiple daughter cells |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the daughter cells called in schizogony? and what is it called when these daughter cells divide to form more? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when merozoites produce gametocytes instead of more merozoites |
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Term
| What were the amoebas covered in Lab 1? |
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Definition
Entamoeba histolytica
Entamoeba coli
Entamoeba gingivalis
Endolimax nana
Iodameba buetschlii
Naigleria fowleri
Acanthamoeba spp |
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Term
| What were the ciliates covered in Lab 1? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of life cycle do amoebas usually have? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do amoebas move around? |
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Definition
| crawl around by rapidly extending and retracting pseudopodia |
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Term
| How do amoebas reproduce? |
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Definition
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Term
| crystalline-like condensation of ribosomes formed as trophozoite encysts |
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Definition
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Term
| metacystic trophozoites-small but basically morphologically the same as the large trophozoites |
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Definition
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Term
| like a nucleolus in nucleus (size and location are diagnostic feature in ameba) |
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Definition
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Term
| this is DNA; see on inner edge of nuclear membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| seen as round, light colored spots in trophozoites; are fluid-filled |
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Definition
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Term
| non-pathogenic parasitic organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can Entamoeba histolytica be found? Is it a commensal or pathogenic? |
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Definition
| Found world-wide and is a serious pathogenic amoeba |
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Term
| How is Entamoeba histolytica transmitted and what is the infective stage? |
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Definition
| Oral transmission by fecal contamination of food and water. infective stage is the cyst |
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Term
| Where is the niche in the host for Entamoeba histolytica? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when an Entamoeba histolytica cyst is ingested? |
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Definition
| Cyst passes through to small intestine where it begins to excyst. The four nuclei and the cytoplasm from the cyst divide to form 8 metacystic trophozoites (amebulae) which are carried to the large intestine. There they colonize the epithelium by attaching to epithelial cells. Trophozoites feed, grow to mature trophozoite size and divide by binary fission. Cysts are passed in the feces. |
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Term
| Only large intestine is involved. Engulfment and lysis of epithelial cells creates ulcers in large intestine lining and results in colicky pain and protracted diarrhea lasting more than a few days |
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Definition
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Term
| Ulcers are eroded deep into the vascular part of the mucosa of the large intesting resulting in bloody diarrhea |
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Definition
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Term
| palpable masses which are composed of ameba, necrotic colon tissue, and eosinophils |
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Definition
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Term
| infected individuals who shed infective cysts without showing any clinical signs |
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Definition
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Term
| Invasive ameba erode ulcers deep into the intestinal wall through the submucosa and gain access to circulatory system, disseminating throughout the body |
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Definition
| extraintestinal amebiasis |
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Term
| What is the most common site of extraintestinal amebiasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites? |
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Definition
single nucleus with central endosome/karyosome
small chromatin granules distributed peripherally around inner surface of nuclear membrane
diagnostic characteristic: ingested RBCs
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Entamoeba histolytica cysts? |
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Definition
some have "cigar-shaped" chromatoidal bars
4 nuclei with central endosome/karyosome
spherical |
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Term
| This is the most common non-pathogenic species in the human colon. It doesn't damage or feed upon host tissue. |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of life cycle does Entamoeba coli have? and what is the infective stage? |
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Definition
| Has a direct life cycle and cysts are the infective stage |
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Term
| How is Entamoeba coli transmitted? |
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Definition
| Oral transmission, fecal contamination of food or water |
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Term
| What are characteristics of Entamoeba coli trophozoites? |
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Definition
eccentric endosome/karyosome in nucleus
peripheral nuclear chromatin unevenly distributed
difficult to differentiate from E. histolytica trophozoites |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of Entamoeba coli cysts? |
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Definition
8 nuclei with eccentric endosome/karyosome (must be over 4 nuclei)
some may have chromatoidal bar present with splintered appearance on ends |
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Term
| This species of Entamoeba doesn't form cysts and is a commensal in the mouth |
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Definition
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Term
| Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba gingivalis trophs look very similar, how do you differentiate the two? |
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Definition
| One will be from a fecal sample and the other will be a mouth sample |
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Term
| How is Entamoeba gingivalis transmitted? |
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Definition
| Direct transmission of trophozoites from exchange of saliva (kissing, sharing utensils) |
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Term
| This is a common parasite in pigs but can be transmitted to humans and other primates |
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Definition
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Term
| Is Iodameba buetschlii considered a commensal or pathogenic? |
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Definition
| commensal in the large intestine |
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Term
| What are characteristics of Iodameba buetschlii trophs? |
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Definition
Have a large nucleus with large endosome/karyosome
no chromatin granules at nuclear membrane
food vacuoles |
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Term
| What are characteristics of Iodameba buetschlii cysts? |
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Definition
single nucleus close to vacuole
large endosome
large glycogen vacuole |
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Term
| This is the smallest of the amebas and is considered a commensal |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of life cycle does Endolimax nana have and what is the infective stage? |
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Definition
| direct life cycle, infective stage is cyst |
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Term
| What are characteristics of Endolimax nana trophs? |
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Definition
small size
prominent large endosome/karyosome |
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Term
| What are characteristics of Endolimax nana cysts? |
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Definition
| up to 4 nuclei with prominent endosomes |
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Term
| This ameba can be found world-wide in soil and warm, stagnant fresh water. It enters the body through the nose. |
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Definition
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Term
| How can Naegleria fowleri be considered opportunistic? |
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Definition
It is free living and doesn't need a host in its life cycle
Infection only occurs when person swims or dives into water where biflagellated stage of ameba cycle are found
Only infective if come in through the nose, if ingested then not harmful |
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Term
| What does Naegleria fowleri cause if infection occurs? |
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Definition
| PAM- Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis |
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Term
| What are characteristics of Naegleria fowleri trophs? |
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Definition
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Term
| This ameba is found everywhere world-wide. It is also considered an opportunist and transmission is cutaneous and inhalation. Contact lens wearers must be sure to clean contacts with sterile solution. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are characteristics of Acanthamoeba spp trophs? |
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Definition
| small and may see spiky pseudopodia (but probably not) |
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Term
| What are characteristics of Acanthamoeba spp cysts? |
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Definition
| have a crystal-like shape |
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Term
| How can Acanthamoeba spp cause ulcerative keratitis? |
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Definition
Can start with lesion in cornea and dust or dirt getting into eye
lack of sanitation for cleaning contact lens (washing in tap water, non-sterile solutions)
wearing contacts while engaging in water activities
Organism gets trapped by contact lens and begins eating away at cornea |
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Term
| How would you determine if Acanthamoeba spp is the cause of a corneal ulcer, what would you find? Cysts or trophs? |
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Definition
| Corneal scrapings, you would find both trophs and cysts |
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Term
| How would you treat an Acanthamoeba spp infection? |
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Definition
antifungal and anti-amebic drugs
debride cornea to remove necrotic tissue
corneal transplant may by required to restore vision |
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Term
| If an Acanthamoeba spp infects an immunocompromised individual, what can happen? |
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Definition
GAE- Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis
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Term
| What is Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis |
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Definition
Acanthamoeba spp invades the brain
slower onset than PAM
ulcerative graulomas form in brain around parasites
fatal
clinical signs: headache, seizures, death
No Rx |
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Term
| In ciliates, what are the 2 kinds of nuclei? |
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Definition
macronucleus (very large)
micronucleus |
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Term
| How do ciliates reproduce? |
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Definition
| transverse bianry fission |
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Term
| What kind of life cycle do ciliates have? |
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Definition
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Term
| This is a very large ciliate and the only ciliate found in humans. It is found world-wide especially in tropical regions. |
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Definition
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Term
| Balantidium coli has many resevoir hosts, which animal is it most often seen in? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the niche in the host for Balantidium coli? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ameba is Balantidium coli very similar to in pathological effects? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of a Balantidium coli infection? |
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Definition
diarrhea
dysentery (feeds upon host cells which creates ulcers in LI) |
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Term
| What is the drug of choice for treating Balantidium coli? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are characteristics of Balantidium coli trophs? |
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Definition
oval shaped, large curved macronucleus
micronucleus
cytosome (mouth)
cilia
food vacuoles |
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Term
| What are characteristics of Balantidium coli cysts? |
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Definition
Macronucleus
spherical
cyst wall |
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Term
| The next slides will be identification. Give genus and species of the parasite and stage in cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Endolimax nana
trophozoite |
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Term
|
Definition
Entamoeba histolytica
cyst |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Naegleria fowleri
trophozoites |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Iodamoeba buetschlii
trophozoite |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Entamoeba histolytica
trophozoite |
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Term
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Definition
Iodamoeba buetschlii
trophozoite |
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Term
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Definition
Acanthamoeba spp
trophozoite |
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Term
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Definition
Entamoeba coli
trophozoite |
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Term
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Definition
Balantidium coli
trophozoite |
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