Term
| How many worms/day does toxocara canis release? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do toxocara canis eggs mature? |
|
Definition
| in soil for 2-3 weeks and remain viable in moist soil for years |
|
|
Term
| Which tissues can be invaded by toxocara canis larvae? |
|
Definition
| ANY TISSUE! esp, liver, lungs, heart, skeletal, muscle, brain, eye |
|
|
Term
| What determines the severity of toxocara canis symptoms? |
|
Definition
| number/location of lesions and host sensitization to larval antigens |
|
|
Term
| What symptoms of toxocara canis are specific to children? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the severe symptoms of toxocara canis? |
|
Definition
| skin rash, enlarged spleen, asthma, recurrent pulmonary infiltrates, abdominal pain, sleep, behavioral changes, neurological defects, convulsions |
|
|
Term
| How does toxocara canis cause death? |
|
Definition
| respiratory failure, cardiac arrhythmia, brain damage |
|
|
Term
| What is the illness caused by toxocara canis called? |
|
Definition
| visceral larva migrans (VLM) or ocular larva migrans in older children/adults |
|
|
Term
| How long does visceral larva migrans persist? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the eye symptoms of toxocara canis? |
|
Definition
| unilateral strabismus (squint), decreased visual acuity |
|
|
Term
| What are the findings on eye exam of a person with toxocara canis? |
|
Definition
| granulomatous endophthalmitis due to diffuse chronic inflammation due to dead larvae |
|
|
Term
| How do you definitively diagnose toxocara canis? |
|
Definition
| demonstration of larva in liver biopsy or at autopsy |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat toxocara canis? |
|
Definition
| corticosteroids may be lifesaving for acute disease. Antihelminthics such as albendazole or mebendazole |
|
|
Term
| Ancylostoma braziliense are found where in the environment? |
|
Definition
| larvae hatch from eggs in dog/cat feces in warm, moist, sandy soil |
|
|
Term
| How does ancylostoma braziliense infect humans? |
|
Definition
| causes skin infection by hookworm larvae , the larvae do not develop further in humans --> migrate within the skin for weeks to months |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Ancylostoma braziliense? |
|
Definition
| pruritic raised long red lesions (10-20cm). Scratching it can lead to secondary bacterial infection. |
|
|
Term
| What causes Loffler's syndromoe? |
|
Definition
| 50% of individuals with ancylostoma braziliense develop this disease due to pulmonary infiltrations |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of Loffler's disease? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary manifestation; wheeze, cough, eosinophilia in periphery |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for ancylostoma braziliense? |
|
Definition
albendazole, ivermectin, and topical thiabendazole
antihistamines to control itching and antibiotics to control secondary bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| Where do you get trichinella spiralis from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the adult trichinella spiralis live? |
|
Definition
| in the intestinal mucosa of meat-eating animals |
|
|
Term
| Where do the larvae of adult trichinella spiralis go? |
|
Definition
| vasculature--> heart, pulmonary capillaries, systemic circulation and distributed throughout body |
|
|
Term
| What are the relatively mild/moderate symptoms of trichinella spiralis? |
|
Definition
| usually asymptomatic; nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea (within 2 days of eating contaminated meat), fever, muscle pain/tenderness, weakness, eyelid swelling, maculopapular skin rash, small hemorrhages beneath conjuctiva and fingernails. |
|
|
Term
| Is trichinella spiralis fatal? |
|
Definition
| not usually but extremely heavy infections can be fatal (1,000-5,000 larvae per gram tissue) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of severe trichinella infection? |
|
Definition
| hemoptysis (coughin gup blood/sputum from airways), pulmonary consolidation, electrocardiogram anomalies/tachycardia/heart failure, encephalitis, meningitis, polyneuritis (peripheral nerves), delirium, pychosis, coma, death |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose trichinella spiralis? |
|
Definition
| eosinophlic leukocytosis (15-50%) 2nd week of illness onwards, high serum IgE, elevation of muscle enzymes, ELISA antibodies against worm, muscle biopsy |
|
|
Term
| What's the treatment for trichinella spiralis? |
|
Definition
| mebendazole, albendazole (to stop larvae production), corticosteroids in severe infections |
|
|
Term
| Which parasite is an intestinal nematode of raccoons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which disease has similar symptoms to Toxocara canis but is often more fatal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which tissues does Balysascaris procyonis enter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long after infection with balysascaris procyonis do symptoms start? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of balysascaris procyonis? |
|
Definition
| nausea, tiredness, liver enlargement, loss of co-ordination, lack of attention, loss of muscle control, blindness, coma |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose Balysascaris procyonis? |
|
Definition
ocular larva migrans; sensitivity to light, inflammation of eye, blindness. Symptoms of visceral larval migrans; swelling/tenderness of internal organs (liver), eyelids
pulmonary involvement= cough/asthma-like symptoms/chest pains |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat balysascaris procyonis? |
|
Definition
| albendazole, early treatment important! if ingested raccoon feces, get prophylactic albendazole. If already has disease, use corticosteroids to reduce host inflammatory response |
|
|
Term
| How long can schistosoma sp. live in humans? |
|
Definition
| decades, causing progressive damage to essential organs |
|
|
Term
| How do you get infected with schistosoma sp.? |
|
Definition
| cercariae released by snail and swimming in water penetrates human skin |
|
|
Term
| How do eggs of schistosoma end up in feces? |
|
Definition
| adults migrate to mesenteric veins, lay eggs, and then veings drain to the liver and liver puts them in the intestines |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of early stage schistosoma sp? |
|
Definition
| itchy papular skin rash (swimmers' itch); avian schistosomes, disease self-limiting; fever, headache, abdominal pain for 1 to 2 weeks (schistosomes begin migrating to liver) |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms of intermediate stage schistomsoma sp? |
|
Definition
| 1 to 2 months; acute febrile illness, cough, urticaria, arthralgia, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, abdominal pain, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What is Katayama syndrome? |
|
Definition
| acute disease caused by schistosoma sp. infection that causes leukocytosis, marked peripheral eosinophilia, and high levels of IgM, IgG, and IgE |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the chronic stage of schistosoma sp? |
|
Definition
eggs retained (rest are shed) induce inflammation and fibrotic scarring: eosinophilic granulomas
This often leads to obstruction of blood flow |
|
|
Term
| How do you diagnose schistosoma sp? |
|
Definition
recover of eggs in feces (s. mansoni/s. japonicum) and/or urine (S. haematobium)
-determine egg viability in water to hatch/movement inside egg |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat schistosoma sp? |
|
Definition
| antihistamines and corticosteroids to control host inflammatory responses/immunopathology. Also, praziquantel to kill the worms |
|
|
Term
| What worms causes filiaris/elephantiasis? |
|
Definition
| burgia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti |
|
|
Term
| What fly transmits onchocerca volvulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organism causes river blindness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you get infected with Loa Loa and where do they end up? |
|
Definition
fly
subcutaneous tissue (eye) |
|
|
Term
| How do you get echinococcus granulosis and where in the human body does it live? |
|
Definition
| feco-oral route from other hosts like dogs/sheep. Causes hydatid cyst in liver/lung etc. |
|
|
Term
| How do you get chlonarchis sinensis and where in the human does it live? |
|
Definition
| eating fresh water fish; biliary tract |
|
|
Term
| How do you get paragonimus westermani and where does it live in the human host? |
|
Definition
| undercooked shellfish and makes cavitary lesions in the lung |
|
|
