Term
| Extraintestinal Protozoa Comparison to GI protozoa |
|
Definition
| located in blood/tissue vector borne potentially fatal tropics rare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very common parasite, 5-75% of adults in developed countries |
|
|
Term
T. gondii
Life Cycle - general facts |
|
Definition
Cats definite host with other mammals being int. host
Sexual repo. only in intestine of cat, leads to env. stable oocyst
Repo. intracellular |
|
|
Term
T. gondii
Life Cycle - how infects humans |
|
Definition
Cat fecal oocyst and directly infect humans
oocysts can be in soil or on veggies and transmitted to humans when gardening or eating veggies
oocysts can be consumed by animals and if the meat of these animals is not prepared properly, disease |
|
|
Term
T. gondii
acute Toxoplasmosis |
|
Definition
80-90% asymptomatic
symptoms arise after 1 week of exposure
lymphadenopathy, headaches, night sweats
CNS, eye, lung, lymph system |
|
|
Term
T. gondii
toxoplasmic enchepalitis |
|
Definition
AIDS related, defininig illness in 1/6th of AIDS patients.
altered mental status, seizures, sensory abnormalities
fatal due to pneumnia like infection |
|
|
Term
T. gondii
acute congenital toxoplasmosis |
|
Definition
17% of fetuses if infected in 1st trimetster
65% in third trimester
severe neurological abnormalities, hydrocephaly, spontaneous abortion
exposure at early ages leads to more severe symptoms.
Children can be born normal and have symptoms years later if acquired late in pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
necrotic lesions
large abscesses in brain
congenital impair vision
myocarditis - heart attack |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hard to diag in slides/biopsy
serology over time to show increase in antibodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
not required for immunocompetent patients
pyrimethamine (not to pregnant womenin 1st tri.) and sulfadiazine |
|
|
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp. |
|
Definition
free living in aquatic env.
rare but fatal
swimming in creek or lake
95% mortality |
|
|
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
life cycle |
|
Definition
cyst
trophozoite
flagellated forms |
|
|
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Acanthamoeba spp.
life cycle |
|
Definition
cyts
trophozoies
no flagellated form |
|
|
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp.
transmission |
|
Definition
Naegleria fowerli
olfactor epi. progress to brain
Acanthamoeba spp.
lower resp. tract/broken skin |
|
|
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp.
diseases - PAM |
|
Definition
PAM - primary amebic meningoencephalitis
rare, only few cases/yr
motality 95% with in 72 hr
mental status changes, sensitivity to light, smell changes
slower in acanthamoeba |
|
|
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp.
diseases amebic keratitis |
|
Definition
amebic keratitis
acanthamoeba only
corneal ulcers
granulomatous skin lesions |
|
|
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp.
pathology |
|
Definition
| diffuse hemorrhage and necrosis of brain in PAM |
|
|
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp.
diag. |
|
Definition
difficult. CSF and brain bioposy
no gram stain
consider when CSF is neg. for bacterial of fungal agents
keratitis when cornal or skin scraings |
|
|
Term
Fee-living amoebae
Naegleria fowerli
Acanthamoeba spp.
treatment |
|
Definition
| PAM - b.c so few cases, no known method to treat. amphotericin b, firampicin. |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
Species
only infects humans |
|
Definition
P. falciparum - most common/severe
P. vivax
P. malariae
P. ovale |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
transmission |
|
Definition
bite of female anopheles mosquite
transfusion |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
Symptoms - fever |
|
Definition
Fever cyclical
P. falciparum - most common/severe- 24 hr cycle
P. vivax 48 hr cycle
P. malariae 72 hr cycle
P. ovale not regular cycle |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
Symptoms |
|
Definition
myalgia, malaise, fatigue, anemia
nausea/diarrhea
hepatomegaly/splenomegaly (does not ressolve)
Neuro in falciparium, headaches, coma
organ failure - anemia, reduced o2 delievery,
Blackwater fever, dark urine that ressolve with treatment |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
Life Cycle - Impt
In human |
|
Definition
1. bite transferes SPOROZOITES
2. migrate to liver, penetrate hepatocytes (parenchymal cells) and form MEROZOITES
3. SCHIZOSOMA or asexual repo. in lier through 'exoerythrocyte cycle'
4. MEROZOITES released from liver cell rupture;
5. MEROZOITES infect RBCs, reproduce, lysis, reinfection; some diff. into GAMETOCYTES (sexually competent, opposite of ryan). |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
Life Cycle - Impt
In in mosquito |
|
Definition
6. GAMETOCYTE taken up by mosquito
7. replicates in midgut, fert. zygote results
8. meosis forms oocyte
9. sporozoite burst out of oocyst and migrates to salvivary glands of mosquite for reinfection.
this stage takes about 2 weeks. |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
Life Cycle - Impt
diag. stages |
|
Definition
| ID of ring and schizont forms in blood smears |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
pregnancy associated |
|
Definition
most adults in endemic areas are immune
women become pregnant during pregnancy
parasite attaches to capillaries in placenta and restricts blood flow to fetus, spon. abortion |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
drug resistance |
|
Definition
| Chloroquine, cheap and good but completely resistant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
microscopic exam of thin blodo smears
species ID is impt for treatment |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
diag - chart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
treatment - general |
|
Definition
1. treat parasite
2. treat symptoms
3. prevent spread |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
treatment - falciparum - endemic areas |
|
Definition
Endemic areas:
drug 1: artemesinins
drug 2: non-art anti malarials |
|
|
Term
| Plasmodium Malaria treatment - falciparum - non-endemic areas |
|
Definition
art. NOW approved for use.
chloroquine top choice for uncomplicated and non-resistant strains
1. quinine sulfate + doxy or clind for preggers or resistance |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
treatment - falciparum - severe |
|
Definition
keep patient alive;
in US, quinidine |
|
|
Term
Plasmodium
Malaria
treatment - others |
|
Definition
| chloroquine, but some resistance |
|
|
Term
| Plasmodium Malaria HYPNOZOITE stage |
|
Definition
vavax and ovale persistent in liver for months to yrs. relapses unresponsive to drugs in dormant stage
pyrimaquine effective drugs |
|
|
Term
Extraintestinal Protozoa
Transmission |
|
Definition
via intermediate host (arthropod)
person to person not possible except with blood transfusions |
|
|
Term
Trypanosomes
African Sleeping Sickness
characteristics |
|
Definition
vector born flagellated bloodstream pahtogens
have karly staining organelle
Testse fly Af. S.S. |
|
|
Term
Trypanosomes
African Sleeping Sickness
Species |
|
Definition
T. brucei subsepecies gambiensis (West african t.)
T. brucei subspecies rhodensiensis (East African t) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acute: days to wks, ulceration at bite called Trypanosomal chancre
systemic: fever, lymph enlargement, CNS involvement: lethargy, headaches, wasting, personality changes, 9-12 mts (East) 2-5 yrs (West) sleeping abnormalities, cant' sleep but always tired |
|
|
Term
Trypanosomes
Diff. between East and West |
|
Definition
Both can kill the same. East is more severe and infects quicker. can die in 9 months. b.c it is more severe, it is easier to catch
West takes longer, years, and is less severe and can remain subclinical. |
|
|
Term
Trypanosomes
African Sleeping Sickness
Life cycle |
|
Definition
injected metacyclic rypomastigotes transform to trypomastigotes
multiply by binary fission
fly takes up from blood meal
blood stream trypmastigotes transform into procyclic trypomastigotes in tsetse fly's midgut
procyclic trypomastigotes transform to epimastigotes
epimastigotes multipl in salivry gland |
|
|
Term
Trypanosomes
African Sleeping Sickness
Diag |
|
Definition
found in blood only early in infection
CSF shows trypanosomes, elevated lympcytes and IgM.
Serology used |
|
|
Term
Trypanosomes
African Sleeping Sickness
Treatmetn |
|
Definition
Suramin and pentamidine for blood form, not CNS
Melarsoprol (arsenic) (rat poision) for chronic disease |
|
|
Term
Trypanosomes
American (Chagas Disease)
characteristics |
|
Definition
| t. cruzi, similar to t. brucei, vector is reduviid, or kissing bug |
|
|
Term
Trypanosomes
American (Chagas Disease)
Disease |
|
Definition
lots of carriers, 20 mil. in US, many forms, can lead to heart disease, swelling of heart,
often seen in latin immigrants |
|
|
Term
Trypanosomes
American (Chagas Disease)
Life cycle |
|
Definition
Different from African version b.c
1. can go into cells
2. does not divide in blood stream
can be given in blood transfusions but it is less of a problem. |
|
|
Term
Trypanosomes
American (Chagas Disease)
symptoms |
|
Definition
inflated lesion (chagoma) at bite site, not universal
acute: 7-20 days post infection and includes fever, lymphaopathy, hepato/splenomegaly
asympto chronic phase: 20-40% no signs of infection
sympto chronic phase: (Chronic Chagas Disease) cardiac enlargement, arythmias, blockages, thromboembolism
esophagus or colon as well |
|
|
Term
Trypanosomes
American (Chagas Disease)
Diag |
|
Definition
| microscopy - blood films but may be hard to detect. must concentrate blood |
|
|
Term
Trypanosomes
American (Chagas Disease)
treatment |
|
Definition
only acute phase can be treated
benznidazole or nifurtimox |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cutaneous lesion - red papule 2 wk to 2 mt that becomes hyperpigmented at bit site
diag. via microscoptic of Giemsa satin skin scrapings.
treatmetn with sodium stibogluconate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
espundia
braziliensis
similar to cutaneous but can to go mucosal surfaces, nasophyarynx.
cause lots of damage
ampho B treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
kala-azar ro dumdum fever
L. donovani bites unappearant, 80-90% of untreated die in 2 yrs, progress in few wk to a year
giemsa stain blood for diag
serology available
treatment - miltefosine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tick bites
B. microti most common off eastern seaboard
symptoms 1-4 eeeks after infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
malaise, fever, weakness
hepatosplenomegaly, anemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood film, larger and darker than plasmodium, x-shape, Maltese cross
travel history should differentiate from plasmodium
treat unnecessary in most cases
clind/quinine indicated. |
|
|
Term
Leishmania
Characteristics |
|
Definition
21 species
L. braziliensis |
|
|
Term
| Today, I had to give a massage to an obese person with rank smelling fungus growing in between their skin folds. They tipped me two dollars. My hands still smell. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Types
Nematodes |
|
Definition
| roundworms, pinworms, whipworms, filariasis |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Types
Trematodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Types
Cestodes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Life cycles |
|
Definition
egg, larval, adults, infection forms are almsot alwasy egg or laval
humas host of adult stage
complete sexual cycles |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Prevention |
|
Definition
most fecal to oral
some from water supply
some from incompletely cooked meat |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworms)
Epi |
|
Definition
| >10% carriers, crowded conditions (day care, hospital, barricks) children more prone seen in adults with kids |
|
|
Term
| Helminths - Worms Nematodes Enterobius Life cycle |
|
Definition
| ingestion of eggs on contaminated material. eggs hatch in SI. adult females migrate out of anus at night to sell their sexual services for narcotic and lay eggs. adule 2-13 mm long, females twice as big. |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Enterobius
symptoms |
|
Definition
perianal itching
unusual: diarrhea, allergies, appendicitis |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Enterobius
Diag. |
|
Definition
| eggs collected with scotch tape. microscopically |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms Nematodes
Enterobius Vermicularis
Treatment |
|
Definition
pyrantel pamoate or mebendazole
treat whole family |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Epi |
|
Definition
largest, 20-35 cm long
extermely common - 25% of wrold
fecal to oral
symptoms rare in adults
no animal reservoir |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Life cycle |
|
Definition
spit, not swallow. (only time)
in SI eggs passed in feces. eggs infection oafter 1-3 weeks in soil
adults can live for 1-3 yr
1. inject eggs
2. develop to 2nd stage larvae in SI
3. to in circulation to lungs
4. 10-14 d, develop
5. swallowed
6. develop into adults
7. lay eggs |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Symptoms |
|
Definition
acute not common in adults
kids can't caugh up so seen in sputum, bigger cysts
lead to malnutrition |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
Loeffler's syndrome |
|
Definition
| during pulmonarymigration, pneumonitis, coughing, dyspena |
|
|
Term
| Helminths - Worms Nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides diag |
|
Definition
formalin fixed fecal samples, iodine eggs are thick walled
eggs amber in color
you might poop one out. |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides
treatment |
|
Definition
all infections treated
albendazole
mebendazole except in pregnant women |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Tricuris trichiura (whipworm)
epi |
|
Definition
adult 2-4 cm, in colon
worldwide carriage is high
fecal-oral spread;
2 mil in US |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Tricuris trichiura (whipworm)
life cycle |
|
Definition
| ingest eggs, larvae to adults, eggs in feces require 2-3 wks to be infectious |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Tricuris trichiura (whipworm)
symptoms |
|
Definition
asymptomatic
abdominal pain, secondary bacterial infection
appendicitis
diarrhea |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Tricuris trichiura (whipworm)
diag |
|
Definition
eggs in feces
eggs oval
yellowish with white caps on both sides |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Tricuris trichiura (whipworm)
Treatment |
|
Definition
not necessary for mild infections.
Mebendazole |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Hookworms
Epi |
|
Definition
very common in tropics
1 mil in us
come in contact iwth contaminated soil with feces |
|
|
Term
| Helminths - Worms Nematodes Hookworms life cycle |
|
Definition
eggs form non infective rhabditiform larvae
develop into infective filariform larvae in 2 weeks. these can penetrate skin and go to lungs coughed up and swallowed. adults in SI. suck blood from intestinal walls lots of eggs 1-5 years but cannot reproduce in host |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Hookworms
symptoms |
|
Definition
lots of blood per day. chronic infection anemia
retardation in malnourished children
loeffler's syndrome during lung phase |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Hookworms
diag |
|
Definition
| eggs in feces, thin shelled, non bile stained, oval |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
Hookworms
treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
strongylodiasis (threadworms)
epi |
|
Definition
tropics, 40 infection rates in endemic areas
rural SE US |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
strongylodiasis (threadworms)
life cycle |
|
Definition
free living and paracytic
females both
males only free
penetrate skin, lungs to GI, reproduce asexually, eggs that make rhabditiform larvae
bassed from feces
sexual repro in soil |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
strongylodiasis (threadworms)
symptoms |
|
Definition
asymptomatic
loeffler's during lung phase
heave worm burden cause occulsion of bile or pancreatic ducts |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
strongylodiasis (threadworms)
hyperinfection |
|
Definition
repeated cycles of autoinfection can become life threatenint if host is immunocompromised.
mortality hight, larvae can migrate to most organ systems |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
strongylodiasis (threadworms)
diag. |
|
Definition
rhabditiform larae in feces
transparent
eggs rarely seens
concentration methods
smallest larae |
|
|
Term
Helminths - Worms
Nematodes
strongylodiasis (threadworms)
treatment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Enlargement of Posterior Cervical Lymph Node |
|
|
