Term
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Definition
| Tapeworms. Adults live in intestines of all vertebrates, lack digestive system |
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Term
| Body form of adult cestodes |
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Definition
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Definition
| "head": holdfast organs, suckers hooks spines tentacles glands or a combination |
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| linear series of proglottids |
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Definition
| new proglottids form near neck region; older proglottids toward posterior end mature sexually then copulation; detach and pass intact with feces |
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Definition
| sexually mature proglottid fertilizes itself and becomes gravid |
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Definition
| detach then break up releasing eggs |
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Definition
| eggs passed through uterine pore, proglottid detach after senility |
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Definition
| detach prior to sexual maturity, mature in gut |
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Definition
| posterior portion of the proglottid (i.e., velum) overlaps the anterior portion of the next proglottid |
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Definition
| the posterior portion of the proglottid does not overlap the anterior portion of the next proglottid |
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Term
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Definition
| muscular cup shaped or oval, typically 4 on scolex |
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Definition
| muscular, project from scolex, some leaf like, typically in groups of 4 on scolex |
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Definition
| 2-6 (typically 2) shallow grooves or pits on scolex |
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Definition
| in acetabulate worms, dome shaped protrusion, may be armed with 1-2 rows of hooks, or may be retracted into scolex and unarmed |
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Term
| Lots of stem cells are located in what region of a cestode? |
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Definition
| neck region below the scolex |
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Term
| Cestode tegument: major differences from trematode tegument? |
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Definition
| membrane forms microtriches to increase absorptive area, cover entire worm including scolex |
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Definition
| thin in diameter, resembling a thread |
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Definition
| angles between tines partly filled in to form a broad flat surface (ex. moose antlers) |
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Definition
| layer of carbohydrate macromolecules associated with membrane of microtriches |
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Definition
| calcium and magnesium carbonates, possibly function to buffer against organic acids produced, or are an excretory product, who knows. |
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Term
| Nervous system complexity of cestodes depends on... |
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Definition
| scolex arrgmt. Simplest are worms with bothria; more complex with acetabula and bothridia |
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Term
| Excretory system of cestodes? |
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Definition
| 2 pairs of excretory canals run length of strobila, joined in scolex, and posteriorly joined to form excretory bladder. Transverse canals join lateral canals in each proglottid. Flame cells in parenchyma feed into canals. excretory ducts with microvilli. |
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Term
| Osmoregulation of cestodes? |
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Definition
| Not so much...they are osmoconformers. |
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| Reproduction of cestodes... |
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Definition
| mostly monoecious. Each proglottid 1 set of each sex but variation. |
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Term
| Asynchronous Sexual Maturity (ASM) |
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Definition
| In cestodes, protoandry (male organs mature 1st) and protogyny (female organs mature 1st). |
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Term
| Egg shell formation in cestodes... |
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Definition
| completed from within egg by vitelline cells and zygote (as opposed to trematodes) |
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Term
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Definition
| covered with thick capsule (sclerotin); multiple vitelline cells associated with zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| thin capsule and embryophore. 1 or 2 vitelline cells with zygote |
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Definition
| thin capsule but thick embryophore (ability to withstand dry environment for terrestrial life cycle). 1 or 2 vitelline cells with zygote |
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Term
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Definition
| most require 2 hosts, aquatic tapeworms often 3 |
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Term
| cestodes can release up to how many eggs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are adult cestodes found in vertebrates? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| formed by embryogenesis in cestode egg. Cestode equivalent to miracidium in trematodes |
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Term
| Parenteral site infection |
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Definition
| oncosphere of cestode infecting a site outside of the intestinal track |
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Term
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Definition
| generic term for juvenile tapeworm; metamorphose from oncosphere |
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Definition
| site in the intestine where the adult tapeworm infects once developed from a metacestode |
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Definition
| type of oncosphere with 6 hooks under muscular control (lifecycle involves terrestrial) |
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Definition
| type of oncosphere with 6 hooks, ciliated, free swimming |
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Definition
| type of oncoshpere with 10 hooks, ciliated |
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Term
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Definition
| larval form found in the first intermediate host of many Cestoda with aquatic life cycles |
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Term
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Definition
| last larval form found in the second intermediate host of many Cestoda with aquatic life cycles (has scolex and elongation of strobila) |
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Term
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Definition
| type of metacestode; a bladder worm, larva of cestode from which a single scolex buds internally |
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Term
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Definition
| a solid-bodied larva of a cestode (ex: hymenolepis diminuta) |
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Term
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Definition
| plerocercoid distends body of small fish and changes behavior to be eaten easily by heron def. host |
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Term
| Metacestodes effects on host |
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Definition
| parasite induced trophic transmission; increase transmission to next host by: change behavior, physiology, or morphology |
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Term
| Hymenolepis diminuta effects in beetles |
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Definition
| longer life span/reduced fecundity; attracted to predator's poop smell (rat) |
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Term
| Stimulus for metacestode strobilation in def. host |
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Definition
| host digestive enzymes (pepsin/trypsin), temperature, contact with host substrate |
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Term
| cestode preferred diet in def. host |
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Definition
| polysaccharides because complex and not as quickly taken up by host's gut mucosa |
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Term
| Adult cestode metabolism type |
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Definition
| Facultative anaerobes: Kreb cycle and electron transport chain not important |
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Definition
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Definition
| single proglottid (looks like trematode but no ceca) |
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Definition
| scolex with 2 bothria (grooves), coracidia (ciliated oncosphere). Heteroxenous lifecycle usually involves crustaceans and fish. 10-30 ft long |
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Definition
| scolex with 4 acetabula (muscular suckers), rostellum (protrusion of scolex) present or absent, armed or unarmed |
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Term
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Definition
| in whales, grow more than 130 ft long, 4-14 sets of genitalia per proglottid, 45,000 proglottids! |
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Term
| Family Diphyllobothriidae |
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Definition
| broad fish tapeworms, not host specific, species difficult to identify. Release up to 1 million eggs/day! Pseudoanapolytic: release long segments of SPENT proglottids. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Latum: Latin for broad); found in humans, canines, felines, mustelids, pinnipeds, bears. less common in humans but endemic in Scandinavia, Russia. About 10m length. |
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Term
| Diphyllobothrium dendriticus |
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Definition
| holartic distribution (both old/new world); about 1m length. |
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Term
| Diphyllobothrium spp. lifecycle |
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Definition
| eggs w/operculum, coracidia hatch and swim erratically after days/weeks, procercoid in paratenic hosts (copepod/small fish), plerocercoid in larger fish, egg production 7-14 days in def. host |
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Term
| Diphyllobothrium spp. Pathology |
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Definition
| many cases asymptomatic, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, weakness. Pernicious Anemia: 80-100% vitamin B12 absorbed by worm needed for host's RBC production. Don't eat raw fish! |
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Term
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Definition
infection with larval Pseudophyllideans; plerocercoids (Spargana) invade human tissue from:
-accidental ingestion of copepods (procercoid)
-eating poorly cooked vertebrates (plerocercoid)
-using freshly killed frog as treatment for skin ulcers or inflammation of eye/vagina.
--treatment usually surgery |
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Term
| Diphyllobothrium mansonoides |
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Definition
| In N. America; cat definitive host; plerocercoid can live up to 10 yrs in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Psudophyllidean plerocercoids; can sometimes reproduce asexually by budding |
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Term
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Definition
| Scolex with 4 muscular acetabula (along with Order Proteocephalata). Characteristic compact post ovarian vitelline gland. Armed rostellum. Usually small worms. In birds and mammals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest tapeworms in Order Cyclophyllidea; medically important; morphology similar (except Echinochoccus spp); armed not retractable rostellum often present; metacestodes various types of bladder worms. |
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Term
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Definition
| beef tapeworm; humans only serve as a def. host; ~30 ft, 2000 proglottids; unarmed scolex, no rostellum; no uterine pore: only way for eggs to get out is proglottid rupture or release into env.; embryophore surrounds oncosphere/protects from dessication |
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Term
| Taenia saginata lifecycle |
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Definition
motile proglottids out; hexacanth larvae viable up to 5 months; eaten by cattle; hexacanth hatch, invade circulatory sys; cysticercous metacestode in muscle.
--Infection by ingesting raw/undercooked infected meat |
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Term
| Taenia saginata Pathology |
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Definition
| mostly asymptomatic; dizziness, diarrhea, nausea, pain. |
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Term
| How to tell T. saginata from T. solium? |
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Definition
| depends on scolex and proglottid morphology; fresh proglottid differ in number of uterine branches(saginata more branched) |
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Term
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Definition
| human infected by eating raw/undercooked pork/cat/dog. flies can spread eggs. cysticerci in muscles and organs of pigs. evagination, attachment, pathology of adult worm similar to saginata, except it can kill because migrates to brain sometimes. Causes cysticercosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| From ingesting eggs of adult T. solium. Mexico, Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, India, China. cysticerci develop in human as an int. host. Potential infection due to fecal contamination or rupture of gravid proglottid. Infects subcutaneous tissues, then eyes, brain, muscle, heart, liver, lung. Cellulose and Racemore forms: host produces fibrous capsule around worm up to 20cm diameter. down modulate immune sys |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest in family (3-6mm). scolex, rostellum armed 2 rows hooks, short neck, 3 proglottids (immature,mature,gravid). 2 host lifecycle: carnivore def. and herbivore int. Causes cystic echinococcosis from horse/pig or sheep/cattle (sheep strain infects humans) |
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Term
| Echinococcus granulosus lifecycle |
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Definition
| eggs ingested thru grazing. Herbivore int. host. Hatching, migration of oncosphere to lung and liver. Metamorphose to Unilocular Hydatid metacestode. Cyst develops and produces thousands of protoscolices that attach to villi of carnivore def. host (usually a canid but human can be infected from embryonated egg in organs of meat or in feces) |
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Term
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Definition
| outer noncellular layer, inner nucleated germinal layer: produces brood capsules(daughter cysts) which produce protoscolices. Cyst often encapsulated by host immune system at work. cyst may become huge, rupture can cause sudden death by anaphylactic shock. treatment surgery and formalin, or Albendazole if inoperable |
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Term
| Echinococcus multilocularis |
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Definition
| smaller than E. granulosus (up to ~4mm). Boreal distribution. Def. hosts: fox,coyote,cat,dog. Int. hosts: small rodents. Metacestode differ from granulosus: Cyst is Alveolar Hydatid (branched, ruptures more easily). Alveolar echinococcosis, not common but hard to operate on. |
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Term
| Family Dilepididae, Dipylidium caninum |
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Definition
| more common in children. scolex w/4 acetabula. retractable armed rostellum. Proglottid(size of rice grain) 2 sets of male/female genitalia, 2 genital pores. Eggs released in capsules, eaten by larval fleas, cysticercoid in adult flea, eaten by def. host. |
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Term
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Definition
| all parasites of freshwater fishes, amphibians,reptiles. 4 acetabula. lifecycle involves copepods. |
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Term
| Proteocephalus ambloplitis |
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Definition
| Procercoid--Plerocercoid stages. Bass are def. host. Paratenic hosts common. |
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Term
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Definition
| Monozoic tapeworms of freshwater fish. Scolex unarmed w/loculi (shallow depression in scolex). 1 set of m/f genitalia. Neotenic plerocercoids: larval stage that acquires adult characteristics but body is still in larval stage. may look like trematode, Scolex but no ceca=tapeworm, not trematode. |
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Definition
| Diagnostic character of group: 1-4 testes |
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Definition
| *most common human tapeworm*. small (40mm) and cosmopolitan. Pathology rare. UNIQUE lifecycle among cestodes: monoxenous, only needs us to infect ourselves again from contaminated food, water,or hands. |
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Term
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Definition
| parasitic in rats but can infect humans |
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Term
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Definition
| Whipworms. Lots of spp infect mammals |
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Term
| Trichuris trichiura description |
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Definition
| infects humans. 30-50mm long whiplike body. mouth armed, small buchal cavity. Stichosome--long and slender esophagus surrounded by stichocytes. Single gonad(both sexes). Single spicule in males. Eggs unembryonated with 2 opercula. Excretory sys lacking. |
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Term
| Trichuris trichiura lifecycle/pathology |
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Definition
| ~800 mil infected. DIRECT LIFECYCLE: embryonation in soil 21 days (moisture/shade), larvae hatch, penetrate gut mucosa, posterior end grows into lumen, anterior embedded in mucosa. Heavy infections(>100 worms) dysentery, anemia, rectal prolapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| Trichinella spp.(T. spiralis). Cosmopolitan. Small nematode parasite (male<2mm, fem<4mm). Most widespread and important human parasite |
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Term
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Definition
| Most widespread/important human parasite. ovoviviparous: larvae develop in egg and hatch live larvae. UNIQUE LIFECYCLE: same host can serve as both def. and int. host (like T. solium) by infecting self. Adults are intramulticellular parasites, juvenile parasitic in nurse cell. |
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Term
| Trichinella spiralis Pathology |
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Definition
3 stages:
worms migrate thru intestinal epithelium, then Juvenile migration to muscles, then Nurse cell formation. Inflammation results in nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,sweating,respiratory issue,fever within a week. Blood vessel damage, inflammation of organ tissues(brain,eye,heart). ~90% cases asymptomatic or mild. |
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Term
| Strongyloides stercoralis description |
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Definition
| infects other primates,cats,dogs et al. Small worms parasitic in intestine. Adult females ~2mm. Has both parasitic and free living cycle. Parthenogenesis. No males in parasitic form. Can alternate between parasitic and freeliving cycles. Soil contamination and transmammary. |
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Term
| Strongyloides stercoralis lifecycle |
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Definition
3 different lifecycles...
-Autoinfection: Rhabditiform larvae in large intestine become filariform (infective) larvae and penetrate mucosa and follow infective cycle
-Homogonic: Rhabditiform excreted in stool and develop into filariform
-Heterogonic: Rhabditiform freeliving in soil, mate, eggs fertilized by female worms, Rhabditiform hatch and develop into filariform and penetrate host's skin |
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Term
| Strongyloides stercoralis Pathology |
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Definition
3 stages...
-Invasive: filariform penetrate skin,cause swelling and itching
-Pulmonary: wheezing cough, burning sensation in lung mistaken for asthma
-Intestinal: autoinfection of filariform migration thru gut mucosa, pain,tissue destruction, may be fatal |
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Term
| Necator americanus description |
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Definition
| Hookworm. Adults in small intestine(12-20mm). Feed on blood. Eggs passed in feces hatch in soil. Rhabditiform feed on bacteria. Filariform Juveniles burrow thru skin. Migration-blood-lungs-intestine. |
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Term
| Necator americanus Pathology |
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Definition
| Anemia. Mental retardation in children. |
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Term
| Ascaris lumbricoides description |
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Definition
| Human roundworm. Found in 25% world's pop. Females 200,000 eggs/day. Pathology: Juveniles--pneumonia, Adults--Abdominal problems, blockage |
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Term
| Family Oxyuridae, Enterobius vermicularis |
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Definition
| Pinworms. Most common helminth parasite in the U.S.(30% in children). Bulbous pharynx. Live in L. intestine and cecum, don't migrate so pathology absent. Females migrate to anus to lay eggs. Haplodiploidy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Filarial Nematodes. Females release live microfilariae in blood and lymph. 8 spp parasitize humans(tropics). Insect vectors. |
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Term
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Definition
| causes Elephantiasis. Adults in lymphatic system cause inflammation and obstruction. Microfilariae picked up by mosquito in blood meal, develop and infect new host when mosquito bites uninfected individual |
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Term
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Definition
| Dog heart worm. Most common filarial nematode in U.S. Insect vector=mosquito. Found dwelling more on right side of heart because less pressure and thinner wall |
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Term
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Definition
| Fiery serpent. Humans--copepods. Filter straw success story in Africa. |
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Term
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Definition
| Horsehair worms. ~300 spp. Parasites of arthropods (beetles,crickets). 3-4cm to 3m length. 2 Groups: Nectonematida and Gordiida. Most in Gordiida--freshwater, semiterrestrial and terrestrial hosts. Rare human cases. |
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Term
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Definition
Larvae small and different from adults. Preseptum--has lots of hooks
Postseptum--with pseudointestine, cyst wall formation. Lifecycle: adult mate in fresh water or damp soil, lay eggs in water in long strings. Larvae encyst on vegitation. |
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Definition
Spiny headed worms. Rare compared to other helminths. Infect intestinal tract of all vert. Can cause pathology. Related to rotifers!
Lacunar system possibly for hydraulics of proboscis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Acanthacephala larvae. Infective to arthropod, hooks with associated muscles (rostellum) |
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Term
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Definition
| organ system develop, synonymous to metacercariae in trematodes |
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Term
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Definition
| in cyst, infective stage, end stage of development in arthropod. Synonymous to cercariae--alter behavior in host, swimming behavior and phototaxis |
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