Shared Flashcard Set

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Parasitic Infections - updated
Pharm Assessment 10
60
Pharmacology
Professional
12/11/2011

Additional Pharmacology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What drug reacts with ferrodoxin produced by pyruvate oxido-reductase?
Definition

Metronidazole

(anti-protozoal)


Inhibits nucleic acid synthesis

Term
What anti-protozoal requires metabolic activation?
Definition

Metronidazole

(anti-protozoal)

Term
What anti-protozoal drug targets enzymes that are unique to parasites?
Definition

Metronidazole


(Pyruvate:ferrodoxone oxidoreductase)

Term
What anti-protozoal drug can have Disulfiram-like effects with alcohol use?
Definition
Metronidazole
Term
Metronidazole is the drug of choice for what five infections?
Definition

Protozoa

Trichomonas vaginalis (Trichomoniasis)

Entamoeba histolytica (Amebiasis)

Giardia (Giardiasis)

 

Anaerobic Bacteria

Bacteriodes fragilis

Clostridum difficle

Term
What is the drug of choice for Trichomoniasis?
Definition
Metronidazole
Term
What is the drug of choice for Amebiasis?
Definition

Metronidazole


(with Paromomycin)

Term
What is the drug of choice for Giardisis?
Definition
Metronidazole
Term
What is the drug of choice for Bacteroides fragilis?
Definition
Metronidazole
Term
What is the drug of choice for Clostridium difficle?
Definition
Metronidazole
Term
What drug inhibits mitochondrial electron transport leading to inhibition of pyrimidine synthesis?
Definition

Atovaquone

(Anti-Protozoal)

Term
What drug has a cidal (not static) effect on Pneumocystosis?
Definition
Atovaquone
Term
What drug is irreversible inhibitor of Ornithine Decarboxylase?
Definition

Eflornithine
(blocks synthesis of polyamines)

 

Ornithine decarboxylase is an enzyme also found in humans, but essential in parasites

Term
What is the dose limiting side effect of oral Eflornithine?
Definition
Diarrhea
Term
What drug requires large volumes of IV fluids to reach a therapeutic dose?
Definition
Eflornithine
Term
What are the four catagories of drugs used to treat malaria and what stage in the life cycle do they target?
Definition

Blood Schizontocides - RBCs, prevent/terminate clinical attack

 

Tissue Schizontocide - Exoerythrocytic forms in liver

 

Gametocidal - gametocyte stage in RBCs

 

Hypnozoitocidal - dormant P. vivax or P. ovale hypnozoites in liver

Term
What 3 malaria drugs are active in the Blood Schizontocide stage?
Definition

Chloroquine

Quinine

Mefloquine

Term
What 2 malaria drugs are active in the Tissue Schizontocide stage?
Definition

Primaquine

Pyrimethamine

Term
What anti-malarial drug is active in 3 life cycle stages?
Definition

Primaquine


(Tissue Schizontocide, Gametocide, and Hypnozoitocide)

Term
P-glycoprotein protein pumps cause resistance against what anti-malarial?
Definition
Chloroquine
Term
What anti-malarial binds strongly to cells containing melanin?
Definition

Chloroquine


(may cause visual impairment)

Term
What anti-malarial can be detected months or years after treatment has been stopped?
Definition

Chloroquine


(Half life increases from days to weeks with declining plasma levels)

Term
What anti-malarial may cause side effects involving the eye?
Definition

Chloroquine


Blurred vision

Difficulty focusing

Corneal deposits

Retinal pigmentation

Loss of vision

Term

Some strains of Plasmodium falciparum are resistant to what drug?

 

Definition
Chloroquine
Term
What blood schizontocide inhibits nucleic acid synthesis by binding to DNA?
Definition
Quinine
Term
What forms of malaria are Quinine effective against?
Definition

Vivax and Malariae - gametes

Falciparum - adult (used when resistant to Chloroquine)

Term
What drug may cause Cinchonism?
Definition

Quinine


Tinnitus

Blurred vision

Headache

Hearing loss

Term
What drug has the worst therapeutic index of anti-malarial drugs?
Definition
Quinine
Term
What are some side effects of Quinine?
Definition

Cinchoism

Myocardial depression

Vascular dilation

8th nerve impairment

(tinnitus, hearing loss, vertigo)

Uterine contraction

Term
What drug has accelerated clearance and a reduced half-life when given with Rifampin?
Definition
Quinine
Term
What blood schizontocide is used for chloroquine-resistant or multidrug resistant falciparum?
Definition
Quinine
Term
What anti-malarial is excreted via bile?
Definition

Mefloquine

(with small amounts in urine and breast milk)

Term
What anti-malarial may cause central venous effects with B-Blockers?
Definition
Mefloquine
Term
What are 3 contraindications of Mefloquine?
Definition

Seizures

Neuropsychiatric disturbances

Reactions to Quinolone

Term
What risks may occur when Mefloquine is used with Quinine? Chloroquinine?
Definition

Quinine - convulsions, cardiac arrest


Chloroquinine - convulsions

Term
What drug is used for the late hepatic stages and latent tissue forms of P. vivax and P. ovale?
Definition
Primaquine
Term
What drug is used as a prophylactic and radical cure for P. vivax and P. ovale?
Definition
Primaquine
Term
What anti-malarial can cause toxicity and sensitization if used long term?
Definition
Primaquine
Term
What anti-malarial may cause Hemolytic Anemia in G6PD deficient patients?
Definition
Primaquine
Term
What anti-malarial inhibits DHFR (dihydrofolate reductase)?
Definition
Pyrimethamine
Term
Which tissue schizontocide is effective against P. falciparum but not vivax?
Definition
Pyrimethamine
Term
What anti-malarial is never used as a single agent?
Definition

Pyrimethamine

(combo with sulfadoxine or quinine)

Term
What anti-malarial may also be used to treat Toxoplasmosis?
Definition

Pyrimethamine

(in combo with clindamycin or sulfonamide)

Term
What are the two ways in which Antihelminics treat infection?
Definition

Act locally to expel worms

 

Act systemically to eradicate invasive developmental forms

Term
Anthelminthics target what three actions?
Definition

1) Neuromuscular coordination

2) Carbohydrate metabolism

3) Microtubule integrity

Term
What is the mechanism of the Benzimidazoles?
Definition

(Albendazole and Mebendazole)

 

Inhibit microtubule formation

Term
What are the drugs of choice for Hookworms, Ascariasis (round), and Enterobius (pin) infection?
Definition

Benzimidazoles

(Albendazole and Mebendazole)

Term
Which Anthelminthic are teratogenic?
Definition
Albendazole and Mebendazole
Term
What is the mechanism of Pyrantel Pamoate?
Definition

Binds Nicotinic Receptors


Causing:

Neuromuscular blockade

Spastic paralysis

Loss of hold on intestinal wall

Term
What is the drug of choice for Monliliformis infection?
Definition
Pyrantel Pamoate
Term
What is the mechanism of Ivermectin?
Definition

Increases permeability to Cl ion

(hyperpolarization --> paralyis)


Inhibits glutamate-gated Cl channels and GABA-gated channels

Term
Which Anthelminithic is excreted in the feces and has no metabolism?
Definition
Ivermectin
Term
Ivermectin is the drug of choice for what 2 infections?
Definition

Strongyloidiasis (nematode)

Onchocerca (river blindness)

Term
What is the drug of choice for Lymphatic Filariasis (Elephantiasis)?
Definition

Diethylcarbamazine


Wuchereria bancrofti

Brugia malayi

B. timori

Loa loa

Term
What are some side effects of Diethylcarbamzine?
Definition

Anorexia

Nausea

headache

Host response to microfilariae destruction

Term
What is the mechanism of Praziquantel?
Definition
Increases membrane permeability to Ca (and other cations)
Term
What drug increases parasitic membrane permeability to Ca? Cl?
Definition

(both lead to paralysis)


Calcium - Praziquantel

Chloride - Ivermectin

 

Term
What drug's metabolites are 100x the concentration of the parent drug?
Definition
Praziquantel
Term
What drug is contraindicated for patients with Ocular Schistosomiasis?
Definition
Praziquantel
Term
What is the drug of choice for liver, lung, and intestinal flukes?
Definition
Praziquantel
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