Term
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Definition
| Caused by Entamoeba histolyctica. LARGE INTESTINE --> leads to dysentery or liver damage |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by Giardia lambia - SMALL intestine, cause of traveler's diarrhea. Water borne. Cyst also infectious |
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Term
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Definition
| Cause by Trichomonas vaginalis - a venereal disease. Active in women |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by Toxoplasma gondii - transmission from cats/litter boxes. Pregnant mothers beware! Concern in AIDS, can cause schizophrenia |
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Term
| What is Metronidazole used to treat? |
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Definition
Drug of choice for Amoebiasis, Giardia, Trichomonas, Toxoplasmosis (So is bactrim), C. Diff, and H. pylori
**Anaerobes! Bacteroides |
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Term
| What are considerations for metronidazole? |
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Definition
- ROS = no resistance
- Antabuse like effect
- Carcinogen |
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Term
| What other tx are available for protozoans? |
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Definition
- Diloxanide Furoate/Furomide - only through CDC for Amoebiasis
- Nitazoxanide/Alinia - only Giardia
- Tindazole/Tindamax - similar to metronidazole |
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Term
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Definition
A fungi/protozoa called Pneumocystis jirovecii. VERY common in AIDS - causes pneumonia
**Tx: Bactrim, Clinda, Trimetrexate + Leucovorin, Atovaquone |
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Term
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Definition
| A protozoa Plasmodium (usually falciparum) transmitted by the anopheles mosquito. Sx: cyclic fever and anemia |
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Term
| What is the life cycle of Malaria? |
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Definition
- Eggs are ingested by FEMALE mosquito
- Oocytes develop in mosquito gut
- Sporozoites develop, are injected w/ next bite
- Sporozoites infect hepatocytes. Replicate/mature in 6-15 days.
- Merozoites shed and infect RBCs, eat HbG causing lysis
- Gametocytes taken up by another mosquito
**RBCs can adhere to placenta, cause stillbirth, or to epithelium and cause a clot |
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Term
| How does Quinine treat malaria? |
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Definition
Kills Merozoites by:
- DNA intercalation
- Interferes w/ Hb digestion
- Interferes w/ DHFR
**Toxic, not DOC |
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Term
| How does Chloroquine/Hydroxycholorquine treat malaria? |
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Definition
- Chloroquine/Aralen
- Hydroxychloroquine/Plaquenil
- DOC, raises pH - cannot break down lysosome and prevents rupture of RBCs |
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Term
| How is Mefloquine used for malaria? |
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Definition
Used for Cholorquine resistant - falciparum often is
High AEs - seizures, GI, bradycardia |
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Term
| What other therapies are used for malaria prevention? |
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Definition
- Pyrimethamine/Daraprim - DHFR target, for resistance
- Atovaquone + Proguanil/Malarone - reduce ATP and target folic acid.
**Can also use sulfonamides and TETs |
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Term
| What are types of Nematodes? |
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Definition
- Roundworms - Ascaris (most common) and Toxocara
- Hookworms - Necator and Ancylostoma - enter through feet
- Pinworms - Enterobius - kids, itching at anus |
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Term
| What are types of Flukes and Tapeworms? |
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Definition
- Fluke - Schistosoma
- Tapes - Taenia - beef or pork. Pig can be very serious |
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Term
| What are benzimidazoles used to treat? |
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Definition
- Mebendazole/Vermox
- Albendazole/Zenta
Affect microtubules for cytoskeleton, trafficking, and mitosis
- Resistance: altered tubulin expression in isoform or binding site
**For Nematodes: Rounds, hooks, pins |
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Term
| What is Ivermectin used to treat? |
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Definition
Nematodes, River blindness
Binding to glutamate CL- channels = paralysis, organism detaches and dies. |
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Term
| What is Praziquantel/Biltricide used to treat? |
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Definition
Only cestodes and trematodes - no nematodes
- Hyperexcitability leads to paralysis, antibody mediated attack |
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Term
| What OTC tx can be used for nematodes? |
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Definition
| Pyrante pamoate/Pin-X - depolarizes NMJ leading to paralysis. restricted to GI tract |
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Term
| What are ectoparasitic infections? |
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Definition
- Sarcoptes scabies - person to person contact
- Pedicules - lice on head, body, and pubes. Nits attach to hair |
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Term
| What are treatments for scabies and lice? |
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Definition
- Benzene hexachloride/Lindane - lipophilic. CNS stimulation. Apply to dry skin, avoid oils.
- Pyrethrins/RID - depolarization causes paralysis. Combined with PBX to increase duration
- Permithrin/NIX - increased stability
- Spinosad/Natroba - Head lice > 4
- Ivermectin/Sklice |
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