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Parasite Test 1
N/A
54
Agriculture
Graduate
10/13/2009

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Term
Parasitism
Definition

Most serious constraint affecting ruminant production.

Economic Losses= Decreased production, cost of prophylaxsis, cost of treatment

Term
Nematode Parasitism
Definition

Production Disease:

Weight loss

Reduced Weight Gain

Reproductive efficiency

 

Term
Why is southereast so favorable?
Definition
Conditions year around are favorable to parasitic infection
Term
3 categories of infection
Definition

1. Subclinical-presence of parasites but for what ever reason no measurable effects.

2. Economic-prevents host from reaching its genetic potential for production.

3. Clinical-Occurs when the balance between the host and the parasites is that abnormal signs can be seen (anemia, diarrhea,rough hair coat.

Term
Factors affecting influnence of parasites (subclinical)
Definition

1.host nutritional stress

2. climate

3. pasture and animal managment

4. concurrent diseases

5. class of animals

Term
Impact of economic parasitism
Definition
1. Evaluated through deworming and measuring response to assess performance or production
Term
Advantage to deworming adult small ruminants
Definition

1. increase conception rates

2. reduced time to first conception

3. increased milk production

Term
Symbiosis
Definition
Two organisms living together, relationship short or long term
Term
Phoresis
Definition
Two symbionts just travel together, neither dependent on each other
Term
Mutalism
Definition

Both symbionts benefit from the assoication. usually obligatory and one can not survive without the other.

ex. termite and intestinal protozoa

Term

 

Commensalism

Definition
One synbiont benefits but the other neither benefits nor is harmed
Term
Parasitism
Definition
One synbiont actually harms the other (internal/external)
Term
Obligate
Definition
species life cycle/survival depends on host
Term
Facultative
Definition
species life cycle/survivial independant of host but can affect host
Term
permenant vs temp
Definition
lives entire life or on part of life with host
Term

Hosts:

1. Definative

2. Intermediate

3. Paratenic

4. Reservior

Definition

1. Sexual maturity/reproduction occurs

2.Some development occurs but no sexual marturity.

3. No development but remains as infective

4. Maintains infections transmissible to man

Term
Direct Life Cycle
Definition
No intermediate hose is needed for sexual maturity to occur
Term
Indirect Life Cycle
Definition
Host is needed for sexual maturity to occur
Term
Affect on production
Definition

1. Reduced Wt gain

2. Weight Loss

3. Milk Loss

4. Death or injury

5. Reduced conception

6. Increase diease suseptibility

7. Alter Carcess quality

Term
Loss (in Millions)
Definition

Cattle: Beef-100M,Dairy-20M

Sheep-10M

Angora-3M

Swine-100M

Poultry-500M

Term
Cost/Benefit
Definition

1. Stockers-Average 40lb increase in final wt

2. Nurseing calves-Avg 25 lb increase in weaning wt.

3.Sheep and goats- keeps them alive

4.Swine-Inceases feeder pig feed eff. reduces time to 1st breeding.

5.Dairy cows-increase milk production,reduces time to 1st breeding

6.Beef cows-increase milk production=better calve nutrition

Term
Basic Forms of oesophagus
Definition

Rhaditiform

Filariform

Bulb

Double Bulb

Muscular-glandular

Trichuroid

Term
Cervical appendages are found?
Definition
Anterior end of nematode
Term

Trichostongyloidea-#1 in ruminants

(Trichostongylus)

Ostertagia

Dictyocaulus (Lungworm)

Haemonchus

Definition

Buccal capsule small

Life cycle Direct;

Infection by L3 (Egg goes through two molts and goes into L3 and ingested by animal)

 

Term

Strongyloidea

(Stongylus, Ancylostoma, Syngamus)

Definition

Buccal capsule well developed. Leaf crowns and teeth usually present.

Life cycle direct

Infectin by L3

Term

Metastrongyloidea (Pig, Lungworm)

Metastongylus

Definition

Buccal capsule small

Life life indirect

infection by L3 in intermediate host

Term

Rhabditoidea

(Stongyloides, Rhabditis)

Definition

Very small worms

Buccal capsule small

Free-Living and parastic generations

Life cycle direct

Infection by L3

Term

Ascaridoidea (Ascaris (Pig), Toxocara, Parascaris (Horse)

 

Definition

Large white worm

Life cycle direct

infection by L2 in egg

Term
Oxyuroidea (Pin-worm)
Definition

Female has long pointed tail

Life cycle direct

infection by L3 in egg

Term
Liverflukes have both oral and ventral suckers
Definition
Term
Anatomy of tapeworm (Cestodes)
Definition

Scolex=head

Immature proglottids

Proglottids

Gravid Segment=Contains:tests,ovaries, uterus vitelline glands, and genital pore

Term

Taper worm eggs

Cattle:square shaped

Sheep=more triangular

Definition
Term
Worms in Abomasum (Cattle)
Definition

3 kinds of stomach worms

1. Barber pole (Haemonchus Placie)

2. Medium brown stomach worm (Ostertagia ostertagi)

3. Smaller (Trichostongylus axie)

Term
Worms in small intestine
Definition

Moniezia benedeni

Strongyloides papillosus

Serveral species of Trichstongylus,Cooperia,Nematodirus

Bovine hookworm-Bunostomum phelbotomum

Ascarid-Neoascaris vitulorum

13 species of Coccidia

 

Term
Worms in Cecum
Definition

Trichuris discolor

T. ovis (Both are whipworms)

Term
Colon
Definition
Oesophagostomum radiatum (nodular worm)
Term
Bile Ducts
Definition
Faciola Hepatica (liverfluke)
Term
Muscular system
Definition
Cysticerci of Taeniarhynchus saginatus (Bovine tapeworm of man)
Term
Peritoneal Cavity
Definition
Setaria cervi (Filarial worm)
Term
Respirtory System
Definition
Dictyocalulus viviparus (Lungworm)
Term
Haemonchus placei (Barberpole Worm)
Definition

Class: Nematode

Site: Abomasum

Damage: Blood sucking by both larval stages and adults. Early larval stage invades tissue.

Signs:Bottlejaw,anemia, poor condition

Term

Ostertagia ostertagi

Brown stomach worm

Definition

Classe: Nematode

Site: abomasum

Damage:both larvae and young adults damage the gastric mucosa disrupting digestive function and causing mucosal hypertrophy.

Signs: bottlejaw, diarrhea,emaciation, depressed growth

Term

Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Bankrupt worm)

 

Definition

Class: Nematode

Location:small intestine

Damage: heavy infections may cause congestion and catarrhal enteritis with erosion of surface epithelium

Signs: poor digestion of nutrients, weight loss

Term
Strongyloides papillosus (Threadworm)
Definition

Class: Nematode

Location:small intestine

damage:larvae penetrate skin and migrate throught the lungs, possibly causing dermatitis and pneumonia. Mostly in young calves.

Signs: coughing, diarrhea,depressed growth

Term
Cooperia spp. (Cooper's worm)
Definition

Class:Nematode

Location: small intestine

damage: adults disrupt digestive function in the intestinal mucosa. Large numbers can interfere with absorption.

Signs:Anorexia, depressed growth

Term
Moniezia benedeni (Tapeworm)
Definition

Class: Cestode

Damage:adults cause local inflammation of the mucosa at the site of attachment and occasional impaction of the intestine.

Signs: depressed growth

Term
Eimeria spp. (Coccida)
Definition

Class: sporozoa

location:small intestine

damage:multiply exponentially inside the mucosal cells causing erosions and hemorrhage. (mostly in weanling calves)

Signs: bloody diarrhea, weight loss

Term
Crytosporidum (coccida)
Definition

Class: sporozoa

Location: small intestine

damage: damage may be minimal unless the condition is complicated by other intestinal pathogens.

signs:diarrhea, particulary in young calves

Term
Trichuris discolor (Whipworm)
Definition

class: nematode

location cecum and colon

damage:adults deeply penetrate the mucosa and suck blood

signs: anemia and depressed growth

Term
Oesophagotomum radiatum (Nodular worm)
Definition

class:nematode

location:cecum and colon

damage: larvae produce nodules, which become small abscesses in gut wall

Signs: anorexia, diarrhea, depressed growth, fever

Term
Dictyocalus viviparus (Lungworm)
Definition

class:nematode

location:lung parenchyma

damage: larval stages damage lung parenchyma in migrating to air passages; adults traumatize small and larger bronchioles. 

signs:dyspnea, coughing, weight loss, weakness, drooling, naval discharge

Term

Fasicola hepatica (Common liver fluke)

 

Definition

class: Trematode

location:Bile duct

damage: traumatic hepatitis that results in cirrhosis and fibrosis

signs: bottlejaw, weight loss, death due to black disease

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