Most serious constraint affecting ruminant production.

Economic Losses= Decreased production, cost of prophylaxsis, cost of treatment

Production Disease:

Weight loss

Reduced Weight Gain

Reproductive efficiency

1. Subclinical-presence of parasites but for what ever reason no measurable effects.

2. Economic-prevents host from reaching its genetic potential for production.

3. Clinical-Occurs when the balance between the host and the parasites is that abnormal signs can be seen (anemia, diarrhea,rough hair coat.

1.host nutritional stress

2. climate

3. pasture and animal managment

4. concurrent diseases

5. class of animals

1. increase conception rates

2. reduced time to first conception

3. increased milk production

Both symbionts benefit from the assoication. usually obligatory and one can not survive without the other.

ex. termite and intestinal protozoa

Commensalism

Hosts:

1. Definative

2. Intermediate

3. Paratenic

4. Reservior

1. Sexual maturity/reproduction occurs

2.Some development occurs but no sexual marturity.

3. No development but remains as infective

4. Maintains infections transmissible to man

1. Reduced Wt gain

2. Weight Loss

3. Milk Loss

4. Death or injury

5. Reduced conception

6. Increase diease suseptibility

7. Alter Carcess quality

Cattle: Beef-100M,Dairy-20M

Sheep-10M

Angora-3M

Swine-100M

Poultry-500M

1. Stockers-Average 40lb increase in final wt

2. Nurseing calves-Avg 25 lb increase in weaning wt.

3.Sheep and goats- keeps them alive

4.Swine-Inceases feeder pig feed eff. reduces time to 1st breeding.

5.Dairy cows-increase milk production,reduces time to 1st breeding

6.Beef cows-increase milk production=better calve nutrition

Rhaditiform

Filariform

Bulb

Double Bulb

Muscular-glandular

Trichuroid

Trichostongyloidea-#1 in ruminants

(Trichostongylus)

Ostertagia

Dictyocaulus (Lungworm)

Haemonchus

Buccal capsule small

Life cycle Direct;

Infection by L3 (Egg goes through two molts and goes into L3 and ingested by animal)

Strongyloidea

(Stongylus, Ancylostoma, Syngamus)

Buccal capsule well developed. Leaf crowns and teeth usually present.

Life cycle direct

Infectin by L3

Metastrongyloidea (Pig, Lungworm)

Metastongylus

Buccal capsule small

Life life indirect

infection by L3 in intermediate host

Rhabditoidea

(Stongyloides, Rhabditis)

Very small worms

Buccal capsule small

Free-Living and parastic generations

Life cycle direct

Infection by L3

Ascaridoidea (Ascaris (Pig), Toxocara, Parascaris (Horse)

Large white worm

Life cycle direct

infection by L2 in egg

Female has long pointed tail

Life cycle direct

infection by L3 in egg

Scolex=head

Immature proglottids

Proglottids

Gravid Segment=Contains:tests,ovaries, uterus vitelline glands, and genital pore

Taper worm eggs

Cattle:square shaped

Sheep=more triangular

3 kinds of stomach worms

1. Barber pole (Haemonchus Placie)

2. Medium brown stomach worm (Ostertagia ostertagi)

3. Smaller (Trichostongylus axie)

Moniezia benedeni

Strongyloides papillosus

Serveral species of Trichstongylus,Cooperia,Nematodirus

Bovine hookworm-Bunostomum phelbotomum

Ascarid-Neoascaris vitulorum

13 species of Coccidia

Trichuris discolor

T. ovis (Both are whipworms)

Class: Nematode

Site: Abomasum

Damage: Blood sucking by both larval stages and adults. Early larval stage invades tissue.

Signs:Bottlejaw,anemia, poor condition

Ostertagia ostertagi

Brown stomach worm

Classe: Nematode

Site: abomasum

Damage:both larvae and young adults damage the gastric mucosa disrupting digestive function and causing mucosal hypertrophy.

Signs: bottlejaw, diarrhea,emaciation, depressed growth

Trichostrongylus colubriformis (Bankrupt worm)

Class: Nematode

Location:small intestine

Damage: heavy infections may cause congestion and catarrhal enteritis with erosion of surface epithelium

Signs: poor digestion of nutrients, weight loss

Class: Nematode

Location:small intestine

damage:larvae penetrate skin and migrate throught the lungs, possibly causing dermatitis and pneumonia. Mostly in young calves.

Signs: coughing, diarrhea,depressed growth

Class:Nematode

Location: small intestine

damage: adults disrupt digestive function in the intestinal mucosa. Large numbers can interfere with absorption.

Signs:Anorexia, depressed growth

Class: Cestode

Damage:adults cause local inflammation of the mucosa at the site of attachment and occasional impaction of the intestine.

Signs: depressed growth

Class: sporozoa

location:small intestine

damage:multiply exponentially inside the mucosal cells causing erosions and hemorrhage. (mostly in weanling calves)

Signs: bloody diarrhea, weight loss

Class: sporozoa

Location: small intestine

damage: damage may be minimal unless the condition is complicated by other intestinal pathogens.

signs:diarrhea, particulary in young calves

class: nematode

location cecum and colon

damage:adults deeply penetrate the mucosa and suck blood

signs: anemia and depressed growth

class:nematode

location:cecum and colon

damage: larvae produce nodules, which become small abscesses in gut wall

Signs: anorexia, diarrhea, depressed growth, fever

class:nematode

location:lung parenchyma

damage: larval stages damage lung parenchyma in migrating to air passages; adults traumatize small and larger bronchioles. 

signs:dyspnea, coughing, weight loss, weakness, drooling, naval discharge

Fasicola hepatica (Common liver fluke)

class: Trematode

location:Bile duct

damage: traumatic hepatitis that results in cirrhosis and fibrosis

signs: bottlejaw, weight loss, death due to black disease