Term
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Definition
| cells that perform exocrine function |
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Term
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Definition
| enzyme secreted by the pancreas to aid in the digestion of carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| lies in the midepigastrium anterior to the superior mesenteric artery and vein, aorta, and inferior vena cava |
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Term
| caudal pancreatic artery – |
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Definition
| branch of the splenic artery that supplies the tail of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| forms the lateral border of the head of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| artery arising from the celiac trunk to supply the liver; forms the right superior border of the body and head of the pancreas and gives rise to the gastroduodenal artery |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargement of the gallbladder caused by a slow, progressive obstruction of the distal common bile duct from an external mass such as adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head |
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Term
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Definition
| inherited disorder of the exocrine glands; symptoms include mucous buildup within the lungs and other areas of the body; identified as fatty replacement of the glands |
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Term
| dorsal pancreatic artery – |
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Definition
| branch of the splenic artery that supplies the body of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| small accessory duct of the pancreas found in the head of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| largest duct of the pancreas that drains the tail, body, and head of the gland; it joins the common bile duct to enter the duodenum through the ampulla of Vater |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine function of the pancreas is production of the hormone insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen to glucose; produced by alpha cells |
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Term
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Definition
| lies in the C-loop of the duodenum; the gastroduodenal artery is the anterolateral border and the common bile duct is the posterolateral border |
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Term
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Definition
| elevated levels of calcium in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| congenital condition in which elevated fat levels cause pancreatitis |
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Term
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Definition
| dilated loops of bowel without peristalsis; associated with various abdominal problems, including pancreatitis, sickle cell crisis, and bowel obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver and that allows circulating glucose to enter tissue cells |
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Term
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Definition
| portion of the pancreas that has an endocrine function and produces insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fats; enzyme is elevated in pancreatitis and remains increased longer than amylase |
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Term
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Definition
| a malignant neoplasm that rises from the lymphoid tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| small area of the pancreas between the head and the body; anterior to the superior mesenteric vein |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive bilirubin in the bloodstream caused by an obstruction of bile from the liver; characterized by a yellow discoloration of the sclera of the eye, skin, and mucous membranes |
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Term
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Definition
| fluid accumulation caused by a rupture of a pancreatic pseudocyst into the abdomen; free-floating pancreatic enzymes are very dangerous to surrounding structures |
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Term
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Definition
| “sterile abscess” collection of pancreatic enzymes that accumulate in the available space in the abdomen (usually in or near the pancreas) |
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Term
| pancreaticoduodenal arteries – |
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Definition
| help supply blood to the pancreas along with the splenic artery |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the pancreas; may be acute or chronic |
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Term
| portal-splenic confluence – |
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Definition
| junction of the splenic and main portal vein; posterior border of the body of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| a space or cavity that contains fluid but has no true endothelial lining membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| pancreatic enzyme that is elevated during pancreatitis |
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Term
| superior mesenteric artery – |
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Definition
| serves as the posterior border to the body of the pancreas |
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Term
| superior mesenteric vein – |
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Definition
| lies posterior to the neck/body of the pancreas and anterior to the uncinate process of the gland |
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Term
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Definition
| tapered end of the pancreas that lies in the left hypochondrium near the hilus of the spleen and upper pole of the left kidney |
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Term
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Definition
| small, curved tip of the pancreatic head that lies posterior to the superior mesenteric vein |
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Term
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Definition
| exocrine function of the pancreas is production and digestion of pancreatic juice, primary function of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce pancreatic juice that is composed of enzymes to help digest fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that account for 15% to 20% of pancreatic endocrine tissue and produce the hormone glucagon |
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Term
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Definition
| Dilation in the second portion of the duodenum, where the common bile duct and pancreatic ducts enter to discharge substances that aid in the digestive process |
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Term
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Definition
| Consitute 60% to 70% of the pancreatic endocrine cells that produce insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| Distal portion of the biliary tract that transports then disharges bile that was manufactured in the liver into the duodenum as needed to aid the digestive process |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that account for a small percentage of pancreatic endocrine tissue that produces the hormone somatostatin |
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Term
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Definition
| Pancreatic accessor duct that enters the duodenum approximately 2cm superior to the duct of wirsung |
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Term
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Definition
| Maine pancreatic duct, transports and discharges pancreatic juice into the duodenum through the ampulla of vater to aid the digestive process |
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Term
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Definition
| First branch of the common hepatic artery. Courses along the anterolateral aspect of the pancreas head just right lateral to the pancreas neck, where it divides into anterior and posterior superior pancreaticoduodenal branches. Supplies blood to the head of the pancreas and duodenum. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone produced by alpha cells in the pancreas that causes the release of glucose to meet the immediate energy needs of the boyd |
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Term
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Definition
| Hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that causes glycogen formation from glucose in the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of alpha beta, and delta endocrine cells in the pancreas that produce insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| Bordered right laterally by the pancreas neck, left laterally by the pancreas tail, anteriorly by the posterior wall of the stomach and posteriorly by the splenic vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Considered the largest portion of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| Lies right lateral to the superior mesenteric vein; cradled in the C-loop of the duodenum; directly anterior to the inferior vena cava. |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of enzymes produced by acini cells in the pancreas that help digest fats, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| Situated between the pancreatic head and body immediately anterior to the superior mesenteric vein. At a slightly higher level, it lies anterior to the portal spenic confluence |
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Term
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Definition
| Section of the artery located within the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| Left lateral to the pancreas body and aorta and extends to the hilum of the spleen. Situated between the stomach anteriorly and left kidney posteriorly. The splenic vein runs along its posterior superior surface. May lie higher, lower or on an even level with the body |
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Term
| Portal Splenic Confluence |
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Definition
| Area just posterior to the neck of the pancreas, where the splenic vein meets the superior mesenteric vein. Together, these veins form the portal vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formed by the confluence of the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein just posterior to the neck of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle surrounding the ampulla of vater that controls the flow of pancreatic juice from the pancreas and bile from the biliary tract into the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| Supplies the body and tail of the pancreas with blood. From its origin at the celiac axis is runs along the superior edge of the pancreas body and tail parallel to the splenic vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Along with tributaries of the superior mesenteric vein, serves as the venous drainage for the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| Along with tributaries of the splenic vein, serves as venous drainage for the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| Posteromedial projection of the pancreas head that lies directly posterior to the superior mesenteric vein and directly anterior to the inferior vena cava or in some cases, due to its size, the abdominal aorta |
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Term
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Definition
Anterior to IVC & CBD
Inferior to Caudate lobe & MVP
Medial to 2nd portion of duodenum |
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Term
| Pancreas divided into three major areas |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Is anterior to the inferior vena cava (IVC) and left renal vein, inferior to the caudate lobe of the liver and the portal vein, and lateral to the second portion of the duodenum. It lies in the lap of the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior to the superior mesenteric vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior and to the right of the portal-spenic confluence |
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Term
| Portal Splenic Confluence |
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Definition
| Splenic and SMV join to form the portal vein |
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Term
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Definition
| The small curved tip at the end of the head of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior to SMV - Posterior to antrum of stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Passes through a groove posterior to the pancreatic head, and the gastroduodenal artery serves as the anterolateral border |
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Term
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Definition
| Directly anterior to the porta-splenic confluence |
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Term
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Definition
| Portal vein is formed posterior by the junction of the SMV and splenic vein |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lies anterior to the aorta and celiac axis SMA, Common hepatic and left gastric arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| Splenic artery is the superior border of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior border is the posterior wall of the antrum of the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Splenic vein courses across the posteromedial border of the pancreas to join the portal vein |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior to body of stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior to: SV, SMA, AO - inferior to SA |
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Term
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Definition
| Difficult to image because it lies anterior the the left kidney and posterior to the left colic flexure |
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Term
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Definition
| splenic vein is the posterior body |
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Term
| Portal Vein and Tributaries -EXAM |
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Definition
| formed behind the neck of the pancreas by the junction of the SMV and SV |
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Term
| Portal Vein and Tributaries -EXAM |
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Definition
| The SV runs from the hilum along the posterior medial aspect of the pancreas |
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Term
| Portal Vein and Tributaries -EXAM |
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Definition
| The SMV runs posterior to the lower neck of the pancreas and anterior to the uncinate process |
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Term
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Definition
| The CBD crosses the anterior aspect of the portal vein to the right of the proper hepatic artery. It joins the pancreatic duct close to the Ampulla of Vater |
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Term
| Pancreatic Anomalies - EXAM |
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Definition
| Ectopic pancreatic tissue - most common |
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Term
| Pancreatic Anomalies - EXAM |
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Definition
| Annular pancreas - rare - the head surrounds the secon portion of the duodenum |
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Term
| Physiology of the Pancreas - EXAM |
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Definition
| an exocrine and endocrine gland |
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Term
| Physiology of the Pancreas - EXAM |
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Definition
Exocrine function - digestion
acini cells of the pancreas
lipase - fat
amylase - digests carbohydrates |
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Term
| Physiology of the Pancreas - EXAM |
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Definition
Endocrine Gland
-produces insulin |
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Term
| Physiology of the Pancreas - EXAM |
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Definition
Exocrine Gland
-pancreatic juices
-aid digestion
-controlled by the vagus nerve |
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Term
| Physiology of the Pancreas - EXAM |
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Definition
Endocrine Function
-located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
-produce insulin
-produce glucagon |
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Term
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Definition
Contains enzymes
-Lipase
-amylase
-carboxy peptidase
-trypsin
-chymotripsin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Amylase - digestive enzyme for carbohydrates. a serum amylase level twice that of normal usually indicates acute pancreatitis |
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Term
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Definition
| Lipase - an enzyme excreated specifically by the pancderas. LIpase elevates in pancreatic disease and may persist for longer period than amylase. May be found in cancer of pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| blood sugar level in the body |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sonographic Evaluation of the Pancreas - EXAM |
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Definition
Patient should be NPO for 8-12 hours before examination
- water or fluid technique may be used |
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Term
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Definition
| either echogenic as the liver or more echogenic than the liver |
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Term
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Definition
| most scans are taken with the patient in the supine position |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior to the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| Anterior to the Aorta, SMV and IVC |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior borders to the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| Outlines the posterior border of the the tail of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| outline the posterior border of the tail of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| Lies inferior to the portal vein and to the IVC |
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Term
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Definition
| lies along posterior border of the neck of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| left lobe of the liver, stomach, colon |
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Term
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Definition
| to better visualize the pancreas, the patient should drink more than 16 ounces of water and be imaged in the upright position |
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Term
| Pathology of the Pancreas - EXAM |
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Definition
Pancreatitis - most common cause of of pancreatitis is biliary disease
- gallsontes are present in 40% - 60%
-Alcohol abuse is the second most common cause of pancreatitis
- sick liver = biliary tract disease |
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Term
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Definition
-just started
-sudden onset |
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Term
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Definition
| acute pancreatitis is the initial symptom in 5% of patients with gallstones |
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Term
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Definition
| the serum amylase level increases within 24 hours and the serum lipase level increases within 72 to 94 hours |
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Term
| Acute pancreatitis - findings |
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Definition
normal size to enlargement - fat
hypoechoic texture (edema) darker
irregular borders
405 to 60% have gallstones
AP measurement 2mm |
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Term
| Acute pancreatitis - findings |
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Definition
| Pseudocyst formation (10%) bad complication |
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Term
| Acute pancreatitis - findings |
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Definition
| Phlegmon (18%) debris, blood |
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Term
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Definition
inflammatory process that spreads along fascial pathways
-hypoechoic, ill defined mass |
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Term
| Chronic Pancreatitis - EXAM |
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Definition
Pancreatic Cancer
-chronic alcoholism
-biliary diseas
-20% develop pseudocysts or splenic vein thrombosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Posterior to the body of and tail of the pancreas |
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